Yanik, Lerna K. K.2023-10-192023-10-19202311468-38491743-9663https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2022.2159816https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12469/5438This article has two main goals. The first is to examine the role of politics of space and time in making Turkey's international relations. The second is to answer a more general question: what happens to a non-Western state like Turkey that cannot eliminate 'differences' that mark that state as non-Western? My answer is that these states handle these 'differences' that do not entirely disappear by creating exceptionalism. Exceptionalism rebrands 'difference' as 'distinctiveness' that can only be possessed by a specific country or nation. The article identifies two main pathways to the creation of Turkish exceptionalism, space and time, and explores the brief history of these spatio-temporal imaginations leading to the making of the exceptionalist narrative and their implications for Turkey's foreign relations and identity.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessexceptionalismpolitics of space and timenon-Western international relationsTurkish foreign policycritical geopoliticsArticle6406573-424WOS:00090521810000110.1080/14683849.2022.21598162-s2.0-85145361937Q2Q1