Li, BinHu, YulinDong, ZhichengPanayirci, ErdalJiang, HuilinWu, Qiang2025-07-152025-07-1520251536-12761558-2248https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2025.3572052Intelligent Omni-Surface (IOS) has attracted considerable attention for its advantages of high energy efficiency, which are similar to those of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), while also being able to overcome the limited scope of RIS services. In this paper, we provide a security energy efficiency (SEE) maximization design for IOS and artificial noise (AN) assisted cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) networks, via jointly optimizing the transmission beamforming and AN covariance matrix of the AP, the reflection and transmission phase-shift matrices of the IOS, and the reflection-transmission power ratio of the IOS. To handle the formulated problem with non-convexity and high complexity, we first decouple it into two sub-problems. Then, we design low-complexity algorithms for each sub-problem i.e., an AP transmission beamforming and AN noise covariance matrix joint optimization algorithm based on the SSNCG-ALM, and an IOS reflection and transmission phase-shift matrix joint optimization algorithm based on the RPM-TR. Finally, a SEE maximization iterative algorithm based on block coordinate descent and successive convex approximation is established. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design significantly enhances the SEE of CF-mMIMO networks.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessSecurityOptimizationArray Signal ProcessingCovariance MatricesReflectionNoiseEnergy EfficiencyCommunication System SecurityPhysical Layer SecurityMISO6GCF-MIMOiOSSSNCG-ALMRPM-TRArticle10.1109/TWC.2025.35720522-s2.0-105007575122