Altin, ElifOkur, NurdemYalcin, EsraEracikbas, Asude FirdevsAktan-Erciyes, Asli2023-10-192023-10-19202221664-1078https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.820702https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12469/5212The present study investigates the relations between L2-English proficiency and L1-Turkish lexical property evaluations. We asked whether L2 proficiency affects lexical properties, including imageability and concreteness ratings of 600 Turkish words selected from the Word Frequency Dictionary of Written Turkish. Seventy-two participants (L1-Turkish - L2-English) provided ratings of concreteness and imageability for 600 words on a 7-point scale. In order to assess their L2 proficiency, we administered Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV (PPVT-IV). We divided categories into two subcategories as high and low for the frequency, concreteness, imageability, and age of acquisition (AoA). The relationship between these subcategories and imageability-concreteness was examined by mixed effects linear regression analyses. We found that L2 proficiency and imageability ratings were positively correlated and specifically, this positive association was evident for low-frequency words and later acquired words. Results are in line with the interaction of bilingual representation under the dual-coding theory which suggests that bilinguals develop an interconnected imaginal representation for two languages as opposed to separate verbal representations. As L2 proficiency increased, the imageability also increased. These findings have implications for literature investigating the relationship between L2 proficiency and linguistic outcomes. Additionally, findings point to the importance of considering the L2 proficiency of participants when lexical tasks that involve cue words or word lists are used.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAge-Of-AcquisitionWord-FrequencyContext AvailabilityImageability RatingsConcretenessImageryNormsFamiliarityAccessRecallAge-Of-AcquisitionWord-FrequencyContext AvailabilityImageability RatingsConcretenessImagerybilingualismNormsimageabilityFamiliarityconcretenessAccessfrequencyRecallL2 proficiencyArticle13WOS:00077899460000110.3389/fpsyg.2022.8207022-s2.0-85127868583Q2Q235369194