Browsing by Author "Kozak, Metin"

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Citation Count: 0
Accelerated trends in tourism marketing and tourist behaviour
(Taylor and Francis, 2023) Kozak, Metin
Despite its much longer historical background, particularly since the 1980s, the world of marketing has entered a new era, becoming more consumer-oriented. Thus, consumers have come to be at the centre of all production and marketing activities in the business world. In the first wave, commencing from the early 2000s, mass consumption has gained more emphasis with technology development. The tourism and hospitality industry have also been directly affected by such developments, and we have seen new ways of marketing methods and new types of tourism activities/products. As a second wave, one more feature of the 21st century is that it has mainly been dominated by either regional or global incidents such as terrorism and pandemic. Together with disseminating the latest pandemic worldwide, marketing methods and consumer behaviour have undergone another dramatic transformation once again. Its initial outcomes have been in practice now, e.g. more individualised lifestyles, more personalised marketing and consumerism, more concerns with regard to safety and security, greater awareness of fashion, and more engagement on social media. Consequently, this chapter aims to examine the new trends that are likely to be encountered in tourism marketing based on the possible changes in consumer behaviour in the light of the developments of the last two decades and two waves. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Alastair M. Morrison and Dimitrios Buhalis.
Citation Count: 0
Araştırma Yöntemleri Bilgisinin Önemi: Turizm Alanına Yönelik Bir Gömülü Teori Çalışması
(2021) Kozak, Metin; Sop, Serhat Adem
Turizm akademisinde araştırma yöntemleri bilgisine atfedilen önemin belirlenmesi ve yöntem bilgisinin ortaya çıkaracağı etkilerin tartışılması amacıyla yürütülen bu çalışmada nitel araştırma paradigması uygulanmıştır. Hazırlanan 16 soruluk çevrimiçi soru formu kolayda örnekleme tekniği ile belirlenmiş olan bireyler ile e-posta ve sosyal medya üzerinden özel mesaj gönderilerek paylaşılmış, 39 katılımcıdan ulaşılan veriler gömülü teori yaklaşımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda; turizm araştırmalarındaki yaygın yöntemsel paradigmada değişimine ihtiyaç duyulduğu, nicel veya nitel yöntemlere odaklanmak yerine problem-yöntem uyumuna dikkat edilmesi gerektiği, nitelikli bir araştırmacı olabilmek için yöntem bilgisinin son derece önemli bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma yöntemleri bilgisinin doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileri ise “geleneksel yaklaşım” ve “evrensel yaklaşım” olarak adlandırılan iki yaklaşım çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Bu yönüyle mevcut çalışma, turizm araştırmacılarına evrensel yaklaşımı bir vizyon olarak sunmakta ve “araştırma yöntemleri bilgisi neden gereklidir?” sorusunu kapsamlı biçimde yanıtlayarak alan yazındaki önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır.
Citation Count: 4
Beyond sightseeing: How can tourism affect public/global health in modern society?
(Int Soc Global Health, 2022) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin; Jiang, Yangyang
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation Count: 4
Beyond sightseeing: How can tourism affect public/global health in modern society?
(University of Edinburgh, 2022) Kozak, Metin; Kozak,M.; Jiang,Y.
[No abstract available]
Citation Count: 0
Brand assets: a prerequisite to promoting a developing destination
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin; Correia, Antonia
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and test a practical model to identify a developing destination's assets. Using the existing destination branding concepts and theories in the research, this study aims to identify how the assets of a developing destination differ from those of a developed destination.Design/methodology/approachThe study followed the "practical model for determining destination assets" proposed in the article. The first stage includes collecting the information on the tourism potential of the destination. In the second stage, in-depth interviews were carried out with information carriers of a developing destination and analyzed by highlighting keywords in the responses. The following stages include the questionnaire survey, factor analysis and segmentation analysis.FindingsThe following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study. First, the assets of a developing destination, recreation areas, attractive visitor facilities and obligatory additional services are rational. Second, the assets used for destination branding are based on their unique character. According to the analysis results, the Almaty region's unique character is associated with natural resources. The direction of recreation in the Almaty region boils down to two components: cognitive tourism and sports tourism.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, given that external tourism faced significant constraints during the pandemic, we must acknowledge that a study of destination branding may be more appropriate before or after the pandemic. Second, the survey was conducted online in connection with the introduction of quarantine measures. Third, the assets of a developing destination were selected based on the results of the interviews. In future studies, including other attributes may allow the identification of new assets for branding.Practical implicationsThe practical destination branding model presented in the study has practical implications for destination authorities. Using the proposed model, assets of other destinations can be identified. In addition, the results of the analysis of the Almaty region as a developing destination will be effective for destination authorities in developing their tourism programs. Recreation areas, attractive tourism facilities and obligatory additional services can be used in destination branding.Social implicationsThis study drew on the experience of the population's ambassador activity. The in-depth interview was obtained from the destination's tourism informants, and the survey aimed to identify public opinion. The residents who participated in the interview and survey perform an ambassadorial function in strengthening the identified assets of the destination and implementing tourism programs. Accordingly, there is a growing sense of pride in being a resident of the destination.Originality/valueThe study has both theoretical and practical significance with the following results. First, it provides insights on enhancing public participation from the beginning of the destination branding process and respecting the continuation of its ambassadorial activities, provided that the identified destination assets are rational. Second, destination asset associations for developing destinations are presented. Third, the study creates a realistic picture of the Almaty region as a destination for visitors and destination authorities.
Citation Count: 5
Cannabis tourists' perceived constraints to engaging in commercial cannabis tourism overseas: a comparison of first-time and repeat tourists
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin; Ying, Tianyu
Purpose Given the increasing number of tourists exposed to commercially available cannabis, it is important to understand visitors' perceived constraints to cannabis consumption while travelling. This study aims to compare cannabis tourists' perceived constraints between first-time and repeat tourists to gain comprehensive understanding. Design/methodology/approach This study involved 32 conversational field interviews (5-10 min) with Chinese tourists who had smoked cannabis in coffee shops in Amsterdam to identify perceived constraints to engaging in cannabis tourism. The hierarchical constraint model (HCM) informed qualitative data coding using a deductive approach to compare first-time and repeat tourists. Content analysis was conducted manually. Findings Results showed that both tourist groups faced intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural perceived constraints to cannabis consumption. Differences in first-time and repeat cannabis tourists' perceived constraints were explained using the neutralization technique framework and psychological tactics, such as the defence of necessity, claims of entitlement, normal practice and claims of relative acceptability. In addition, social exchange theory was employed to explain why repeat cannabis tourists perceived fewer constraints than first-time tourists. Practical implications Although the current study did not intend to address the importance of cannabis tourism in places where cannabis is commercially available, findings offer empirical guidance for industry practitioners and policymakers regarding cannabis use education, prevention and policy in tourism contexts; related efforts can promote the sustainable development of this tourism market while protecting cannabis tourists' physical and psychological well-being. Originality/value This study makes important theoretical contributions regarding travel constraints in the unique context of cannabis tourism between first-time and repeat tourists. Findings will also enable academics, industry operators, policymakers and local residents of cannabis tourism destinations to better understand how these tourists decide whether to consume cannabis overseas. Differences in these perceived constraints between first-time and repeat tourists are discussed to highlight the dynamic nature of travel constraints.
Citation Count: 3
Challenges of Teaching in a Different Culture: An Auto-Ethnographic Study
(Cognizant Communication Corp, 2021) Kozak, Metin
Teaching in a different culture and environment is always a challenging issue. This may last from a few months to a few years, depending on the consequences of personal characteristics and environmental situations. Based on a personal experience, this article investigates the possible cultural differences between the lecturer and students in a teaching environment and understanding how the student perceptions may gradually change and the student -lecturer interaction may evolve until the semester ends. In a methodological way, the conclusions were drawn out of a mixed-method approach that is composed of a personal observation of the lecturer (etic), and expressions, both verbal and written, and memories of other persons (students) within the same class (emit). In lights of Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the study addresses a list of practical implications as the lessons learned-presumably the best way to cope with the challenges of teaching in a different culture.
Citation Count: 4
Comparing efficiency in all-inclusive and bed and breakfast hotel businesses: a multi-period data envelopment analysis in Turkey
(Emerald Publishing, 2022) Kozak, Metin; Correia, A.; Kozak, Metin
Purpose: This paper aims to understand the most efficient hotel system and why efficiency varies across years and between the two differing types of hotel businesses in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach: A data envelopment analysis (DEA) analysis was used to characterise the efficiency of all-inclusive (AI) and bed and breakfast (B&B) hotel businesses with one output (total revenue) and three inputs (labour, food and capital costs). The Malmquist approach is then used to discern changes in total efficiency (TTE) and intertemporal shifts in the efficiency frontier (technological change (Tch)). Findings: The results reveal that the AI hotel operates at 100% efficiency in the summer and year-round. The B&B hotel business operates at 89.6% with variable constant returns to scale during the summer and with 100% efficiency. The results of the Malmquist approach indicate that the total factor productivity grew in the years 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, while the other years were marked by inefficiency. Such increases were due to technical efficiency change (TEch) and Tch, which means that managerial and allocative efficiency (AE) were barely achieved. Slight differences were noted in the two time periods (all year and summer), suggesting that the scale of hotel businesses is prepared to operate all year round, and this calls for strategies to mitigate seasonality. Research limitations/implications: As to avenues for future research, the limitations of this study are threefold. First, the hotel businesses are not parallel in terms of the duration of their service offerings. Future research may consider including an AI hotel business that is in operation for the whole year. Second, businesses in Turkey are sceptical about sharing their data as it is considered confidential. However, to better generalise the results and encourage hoteliers to consider the positive outcomes of such analysis, the number of observations could be increased by considering more hotel businesses in both categories. Third, a mixture of data representing businesses operating in various countries may reflect if the efficiency scores vary internationally. Practical implications: Overall, AI hotel businesses are more attractive but less efficient than B&B. Furthermore, the external crisis impacts the efficiency of hotel businesses meaning that hotel managers could keep on exploring AI, perhaps educating their hosts not to waste or not offer huge quantities. Hotel managers may also need to enlarge their seasonal activities to ensure more efficiency. Social implications: Despite the intentions of AI hotel businesses to increase their profitability with a lower level of service quality, this study shows that the AI hotel business is very attractive but not so efficient due to the higher propensity of guests to consume food and beverages in excess that compromises the definition of efficiency as zero waste. AI is very attractive for family groups or those seeking the pleasure of relaxation at seaside resorts and is also very popular in Turkey. On the other hand, the B&B hotel business is more efficient but less attractive. Originality/value: The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, the authors analysed the efficiency and inefficiency of hotel businesses within nine years of operations. During this period, Turkey experienced first a tourism boom (2011–2014) followed by stagnation and subsequently a sharp decline due to political instability resulting in an (in)direct impact on tourism (2015–2019). Second, the authors compared the efficiency and inefficiency of AI and B&B hotel businesses. Third, the authors examined the effects of hotel management factors to ensure efficiency. © 2022, Yusuf Günaydın, Antónia Correia and Metin Kozak.
Citation Count: 3
Comparing efficiency in all-inclusive and bed and breakfast hotel businesses: a multi-period data envelopment analysis in Turkey
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2022) Kozak, Metin; Correia, Antonia; Kozak, Metin
PurposeThis paper aims to understand the most efficient hotel system and why efficiency varies across years and between the two differing types of hotel businesses in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachA data envelopment analysis (DEA) analysis was used to characterise the efficiency of all-inclusive (AI) and bed and breakfast (B & B) hotel businesses with one output (total revenue) and three inputs (labour, food and capital costs). The Malmquist approach is then used to discern changes in total efficiency (TTE) and intertemporal shifts in the efficiency frontier (technological change (Tch)).FindingsThe results reveal that the AI hotel operates at 100% efficiency in the summer and year-round. The B & B hotel business operates at 89.6% with variable constant returns to scale during the summer and with 100% efficiency. The results of the Malmquist approach indicate that the total factor productivity grew in the years 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, while the other years were marked by inefficiency. Such increases were due to technical efficiency change (TEch) and Tch, which means that managerial and allocative efficiency (AE) were barely achieved. Slight differences were noted in the two time periods (all year and summer), suggesting that the scale of hotel businesses is prepared to operate all year round, and this calls for strategies to mitigate seasonality.Research limitations/implicationsAs to avenues for future research, the limitations of this study are threefold. First, the hotel businesses are not parallel in terms of the duration of their service offerings. Future research may consider including an AI hotel business that is in operation for the whole year. Second, businesses in Turkey are sceptical about sharing their data as it is considered confidential. However, to better generalise the results and encourage hoteliers to consider the positive outcomes of such analysis, the number of observations could be increased by considering more hotel businesses in both categories. Third, a mixture of data representing businesses operating in various countries may reflect if the efficiency scores vary internationally.Practical implicationsOverall, AI hotel businesses are more attractive but less efficient than B & B. Furthermore, the external crisis impacts the efficiency of hotel businesses meaning that hotel managers could keep on exploring AI, perhaps educating their hosts not to waste or not offer huge quantities. Hotel managers may also need to enlarge their seasonal activities to ensure more efficiency.Social implicationsDespite the intentions of AI hotel businesses to increase their profitability with a lower level of service quality, this study shows that the AI hotel business is very attractive but not so efficient due to the higher propensity of guests to consume food and beverages in excess that compromises the definition of efficiency as zero waste. AI is very attractive for family groups or those seeking the pleasure of relaxation at seaside resorts and is also very popular in Turkey. On the other hand, the B & B hotel business is more efficient but less attractive.Originality/valueThe contributions of this paper are threefold. First, the authors analysed the efficiency and inefficiency of hotel businesses within nine years of operations. During this period, Turkey experienced first a tourism boom (2011-2014) followed by stagnation and subsequently a sharp decline due to political instability resulting in an (in)direct impact on tourism (2015-2019). Second, the authors compared the efficiency and inefficiency of AI and B & B hotel businesses. Third, the authors examined the effects of hotel management factors to ensure efficiency.
Citation Count: 0
Customer experience in five-star hotel businesses: is it an “experience” for customers?
(Emerald Publishing, 2023) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin
Purpose: Concerning the development of “experience” as an economic phenomenon, this study aims to analyse customers' evaluations of their experiences in five-star hotel businesses and to identify if the hospitality experience is evaluated as an “experience” by its specific aspects. Design/methodology/approach: Structural and thematic narrative analyses in a multi-dimensional setting were applied to stories from 107 participants who stayed in five-star hotel businesses. Findings: Customers evaluate their overall experience as an “experience” reflected by experiential statements. However, they demonstrate higher cognitive orientation at the sub-experience levels (food and beverage, rooms, etc.). Research limitations/implications: The paper sheds light on the fact that customers may evaluate their experiences with cognitive and experiential aspects. The study focuses on participants' lived experiences to understand the customer perspective with the “experience” concept leading to the memorability of customer experiences in hotel businesses. Further research is required with a larger sample group, mixed-methods implementation and longitudinal and comparable examination to understand seasonal, motivational and cultural differences. Practical implications: The paper reveals various aspects of customer experiences in five-star hotel businesses around the variety of their offerings evaluated by cognitive and experiential perceptions so that dedicated efforts of the managers will be enhanced with a better and strategic understanding of the “experience” concept to achieve business goals. Originality/value: The study offers insightful findings relating to customers’ service- and experience-based experiences and how “experience” is perceived by customers from various angles in the five-star hotel businesses. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.
Citation Count: 0
Determinants of Citations in Tourism and Hospitality Studies
(inst Tourism, 2024) Kozak, Metin; Rodrigues, Paulo Manuel Marques; Kozak, Metin; Raposo, Pedro
Citation metrics are frequently used to assess research and rank journals and researchers. Nevertheless, this is still a process with asymmetric information. Tourism research has matured within a small community and through a multidisciplinary scientific paradigm. This paper aims to understand the determinants of tourism research citation patterns. To this end, 101,968 papers within fifteen years (2004-2018) are analysed. Our empirical results suggest that authors' prestige, the multidisciplinary nature of research, and the impact factor of journals and bibliometric articles will likely increase an article's citations. This paper represents a step forward in understanding the citation formation process in tourism research.
Citation Count: 2
Determining and making sense of recruitment practices for tourism academics in the UK
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2022) Kozak, Metin; Kennell, James; Smith, Simon; Mandic, Ante; Kozak, Metin
Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of neoliberalism and managerialism on the recruitment of tourism academics in the UK. The study analyses how sustainable the recruitment and retention of talents are in the tourism industry. Importantly, this study provides particular focus on sustainable tourism roles, as well as the impacts of COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative content analysis focuses on academic jobs in tourism advertised on Jobs.ac.uk between June 2020 and July 2021. Findings Study findings reveal how, in the case of the UK, current educational ideologies, including neoliberalism and managerialism, significantly influence curriculum and recruitment. Such an approach facilitates the hidden curriculum of undisciplined tourism programmes and significantly constrains the prominence of sustainability principles. The development of curriculum, student life course and recruitment of academics are influenced by several variables (personal, environmental, behavioural), which must be identified to enable decision-makers to engage in efficient planning. Originality/value This study provides a unique focus on the recruitment of tourism academics encompassing crucial factors like sustainable tourism and COVID-19. The proposed framework creates the foundation for the investigation and discussion of academics' recruitment in different contexts. This study also offers several new avenues for future research.
Citation Count: 33
Does seeing deviant other-tourist behavior matter? The moderating role of travel companions
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Kozak, Metin; Cheng, Jin; Wen, Jun; Kozak, Metin; Teo, Stephen
Despite the contagion effect of deviant behavior in tourism settings, tourist-to-tourist effects have been largely ignored, including the joint impacts between other tourists and tourists' companions. This study proposes that tourists who see deviant other-tourist behavior have significantly stronger deviant behavioral intentions. A questionnaire survey and four scenario-based experiments were performed to test hypothesized relationships. Findings reveal that the social contagion effect exists when tourists see deviant other-tourist behavior. Larger and more cohesive travel groups attenuate this effect, and moral disengagement mediates the social contagion effect. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.
Citation Count: 0
Drıvers of Employee Dis/Satisfaction: A Comparison of Tourism and Sports Industries
(Akdeniz Univ, Tourism Fac, 2023) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin; Oezdemir, Ilknur
This study aims to identify the common and distinct factors affecting the dis/satisfaction of employees in two different industries, namely tourism and sports, and develop a model. The study was carried out using the qualitative method. A total of 118 employees in five-star hotels and sports centers participated in the study. Common factors affecting employee satisfaction were thematized as relationship with co-workers, nature of the job, relationship with superiors, salary, working hours, career opportunities, and job security. The factors affecting the dissatisfaction were thematized as inefficient salary, lack of relationship with superiors, job insecurity, and lack of relationship with co-workers. In the context of satisfaction in tourism, the theme of Facilities and benefits differs from sports. In the context of dissatisfaction with sports, the theme of lack of career opportunities differs from tourism. Based on the study findings, practical implications are presented for the two industries in an aim to increase the performance and productivity of their businesses. The study conveys its originality by identifying the employee dis/satisfaction factors in the tourism and sports industries.
Citation Count: 0
Drivers of Employee Dis/Satisfaction: A Comparison of Tourism and Sports Industries
(2023) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin; Özdemir, İlknur
This study aims to identify the common and distinct factors affecting the dis/satisfaction of employees in two different industries, namely tourism and sports, and develop a model. The study was carried out using the qualitative method. A total of 118 employees in five-star hotels and sports centers participated in the study. Common factors affecting employee satisfaction were thematized as relationship with co-workers, nature of the job, relationship with superiors, salary, working hours, career opportunities, and job security. The factors affecting the dissatisfaction were thematized as inefficient salary, lack of relationship with superiors, job insecurity, and lack of relationship with co-workers. In the context of satisfaction in tourism, the theme of “Facilities and benefits” differs from sports. In the context of dissatisfaction with sports, the theme of “lack of career opportunities” differs from tourism. Based on the study findings, practical implications are presented for the two industries in an aim to increase the performance and productivity of their businesses. The study conveys its originality by identifying the employee dis/satisfaction factors in the tourism and sports industries.
From Mass Marketing To Personalized Digital Marketing in Tourism: a 2050 Horizon Paper
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2024) Kozak, Metin; Correia, Antonia
Purpose - The academic background of tourism marketing dates back to the 1960s. There had been a slight increase in its capacity until the early 1990s. However, since then, it has boomed, reaching thousands of scientific journal articles and tens of scientific books published only in English each year. Therefore, this study aims to present how tourism marketing has progressed academically within the past 60 years over four waves and how this progress may move forward as the next wave. Design/methodology/approach - A bibliometric analysis grounds this study, which characterizes the past and present of tourism marketing research and anticipates the future. Content analysis, such as word clouds and social network analysis, was adopted to identify topic clusters and their connections. A total of 9,239 articles published between 1969 and 2024 were extracted from Scopus. Software packages such as VOSviewer were used to determine connections within topics. Findings - The authors have assessed the findings broadly. Four waves were from the late 1960s to the first quarter of 2000. In spite of the limited size of papers at the early stage, the last wave saw a boom and a diversified number and category of subjects studied. In each wave, new subjects were added to broaden the picture. Research limitations/implications - The discussion of findings is based only on those scientific papers published in English since 1969 but excludes the whole list of textbooks. Subsequent research should also consider all papers and textbooks released in different languages to have the broadest picture assessment worldwide. Practical implications - The study conveys various suggestions for industry practitioners and policymakers to focus on carefully assessing trends in marketing tourism services and how these may be shaped shortly. This may help practitioners and policymakers redesign their services and marketing strategies in light of future developments. Originality/value - This study continues a recent study published by Kozak (2023) that has been elaborated, particularly from the industry perspective. The current study examines the academic profile of all subjects investigated in the case of tourism marketing, but mainly in an academic sense. Accordingly, this paper outlines the facts and trends researchers may follow throughout the research frame published in the past six decades.
Citation Count: 14
Functionality and usability features of ubiquitous mobile technologies: the acceptance of interactive travel apps
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2023) Kozak, Metin; Troise, Ciro; Kozak, Metin
PurposeCustomers are increasingly using mobile applications (apps) to compare prices of travel and hospitality services and to purchase their itineraries, tours and stays. This study aims to explore key factors affecting the individuals' perceptions on the usefulness of travel apps and sheds light on the causal paths predicting the individuals' dispositions to use them. Design/methodology/approachQuantitative data was gathered from 1,320 research participants, who were members of popular social media groups. They were analyzed through a composite-based partial least squares approach. FindingsThe results confirm that information quality, source credibility and the functionality of travel apps are significantly affecting the individuals' perceptions about their usefulness as well as their intentions to continue using them in future. They also indicate that there are highly significant indirect effects within the information technology adoption model. Research limitations/implicationsThis study integrates the information quality and source credibility factors from the information adoption model (IAM) with a functionality construct that was drawn from electronic service quality. This study examines their effects on the technology acceptance model (TAM)'s perceived usefulness and behavioral intentions. Practical implicationsThis research implies that there is scope for the travel service providers to enhance the quality and functionality of their mobile apps to improve their consumers' perceptions about the utilitarian value of these ubiquitous technologies. Originality/valueThis contribution raises awareness on the importance of incorporating a functionality construct in addition to IAM and/or TAM usability factors to better understand the individuals' dispositions to avail themselves of online content and/or to adopt interactive innovations. In this case, it implies that certain functionality features of travel apps, including their responsiveness and technical capabilities, can trigger users to increase their engagement with these mobile technologies on a habitual basis.
Citation Count: 0
Gender inclusion: The practices of organizational development and human resource management
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Kozak, Metin; Kozak, Metin; Preudhikulpradab, Sirichai
This study explores gender inclusion via practices of organizational development and human resource management from general managers in five-star hotels based on the gap between current practices, expectations, and typical general managers' characteristics. The study states the related theories of organizational culture, corporate policies, perceived organizational support, core competencies, and gender perceptions. A mixed method was applied in three stages. Quantitative research was conducted with 400 executive staff using 25 structured questionnaires via a Likert scale: Needs Assessment. The second stage is qualitative research conducted using five in-depth interview questions with 22 interviews conducted by the general manager. Interview transcripts collected the data, contents analysis inter-coding and triangulation of themes development. The last stage is the development of a model and guidelines, which are conducted by juxtaposing quantitative and qualitative data and expert reviews. The study discusses the implications for the literature and practice.
Citation Count: 2
Handbook on tourism, public health and wellbeing
(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2022) Kozak, Metin; Wen, J.; Kozak, Metin
In a time of rapid change for travel-related health interventions, this timely Handbook offers critical insights into the interrelationship between tourism, public health, and the wellbeing of local communities and tourists. Written with a global audience in mind, it features cutting-edge interdisciplinary research conducted by leading academics in tourism, public health, wellbeing, and social welfare. Investigating the nexus between tourism and public health in an era of globalisation, tourism growth and COVID-19, this incisive Handbook rethinks the role of tourism in contemporary society. Chapters explore issues from medical tourism, spiritual health, and sustainability to wellness, social development, and disease outbreaks, providing key insights that will assist diverse stakeholders to better navigate this uniquely challenging time in travel and health promotion. The Handbook addresses the growing risks of international travel and considers how the tourism industry might evolve in the wake of COVID-19 and other crises afflicting modern society. Cross-disciplinary in scope, this dynamic Handbook makes a crucial contribution to the literature on the consequences of tourism for public health. Its novel analyses of topics related to tourism, public health, wellbeing, and social welfare will be of significant benefit to tourism stakeholders, healthcare practitioners and policymakers. © All rights reserved.
Citation Count: 3
Health and Hygiene as a Factor of Destination Competitiveness: A Comparative Study Using Synchronic and Diachronic Data
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Kozak, Metin; AlWohoush, Osama; Kozak, Metin; AlMasri, Reem
Health and hygiene is a provision of conditions to maintain public health, and make tourists feel safer and tourism destinations become more competitive. The existing research has been conceptual or critical, and scarce empirical studies focus mainly on single-case studies. Therefore, this study came to fill a knowledge gap and analyse the importance and relationship between health and hygiene and destination competitiveness through a case study of the world's most visited tourism destinations. The study employed three techniques to analyse the synchronic and diachronic data of the destinations, i.e. comparative analysis, graphical analysis, and One-way ANOVA. The results show that health and hygiene are the most important of the 14 pillars measuring destination competitiveness. The graphical analysis indicates a positive correlation between the health and hygiene pillar and overall competitiveness. This study should be an impetus for applied scientific research for public health policy and tourism competitiveness.