Browsing by Author "Pfeuffer, K."

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    Depth3DSketch: Freehand Sketching Out of Arm's Reach in Virtual Reality
    (Association for Computing Machinery, 2025) Bashar, M.R.; Amini, M.; Stuerzlinger, W.; Sarac, M.; Pfeuffer, K.; Machuca, M.D.B.; Batmaz, A.U.
    Due to the increasing availability and popularity of virtual reality (VR) systems, 3D sketching applications have also boomed. Most of these applications focus on peripersonal sketching, e.g., within arm’s reach. Yet, sketching in larger scenes requires users to walk around the virtual environment while sketching or to change the sketch scale repeatedly. This paper presents Depth3DSketch, a 3D sketching technique that allows users to sketch objects up to 2.5 m away with a freehand sketching technique. Users can select the sketching depth with three interaction methods: using the joystick on a single controller, the intersection from two controllers, or the intersection from the controller ray and the user’s gaze. We compared these interaction methods in a user study. Results show that users preferred the joystick to select visual depth, but there was no difference in user accuracy or sketching time between the three methods. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).
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    Exploring Discrete Drawing Guides To Assist Users in Accurate Mid-Air Sketching in Vr
    (Association for Computing Machinery, 2022) Türkmen, R.; Batmaz, Anıl Ufuk; Pfeuffer, K.; Barrera MacHuca, M.D.; Batmaz, A.U.; Gellersen, H.; Mechatronics Engineering
    Even though VR design applications that support sketching are popular, sketching accurately in mid-air is challenging for users. In this paper, we explore discrete visual guides that assist users' stroke accuracy and drawing experience inside the virtual environment. We also present an eye-tracking study that compares continuous, discrete, and no guide in a basic drawing task. Our experiment asks participants to draw a circle and a line using three different guide types, three different sizes and two different orientations. Results indicate that discrete guides are more user-friendly than continuous guides, as the majority of participants preferred their use, while we found no difference in speed/accuracy compared to continuous guides. Potentially, this can be attributed to distinct eye-gaze strategies, as discrete guides led users to shift their eyes more frequently between guide points and the drawing cursor. Our insights are useful for practitioners and researchers in 3D sketching, as they are a first step to inform future design applications of how visual guides inside the virtual environment affect visual behaviour and how eye-gaze can become a tool to assist sketching. © 2022 ACM.