Challenges of the Filter Paper Suction Measurements in Geosynthetic Clay Liners: Effects of Method, Time, Capillarity, and Hysteresis

dc.contributor.authorAcikel, A. S.
dc.contributor.authorBouazza, A.
dc.contributor.authorSingh, R. M.
dc.contributor.authorGates, W. P.
dc.contributor.authorRowe, R. K.
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-19T15:11:33Z
dc.date.available2023-10-19T15:11:33Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.department-temp[Acikel, A. S.] Kadir Has Univ, Dept Civil Engn, TR-34083 Istanbul, Turkey; [Bouazza, A.] Monash Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 23 Coll Walk, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; [Singh, R. M.] Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway; [Gates, W. P.] Deakin Univ, Inst Frontier Mat, Melbourne, Vic 3125, Australia; [Rowe, R. K.] Queens Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ellis Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canadaen_US
dc.description.abstractTime and method dependencies, lack of sufficient capillary connections, and wetting-drying hysteresis may cause inaccurate results from filter paper tests (FPTs) when used for suction measurements of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). These limitations of the filter paper method for suction measurements of GCLs were investigated using initially dry contact, initially wet contact, and noncontact FPTs. Wetting-drying hysteresis was observed in the initially dry contact and noncontact FPTs and was significantly higher in the latter. The initially wet contact and initially dry contact FPTs were reliable in measuring matric and total suction, respectively. These two methods can provide suction measurements from both the cover and the carrier geotextile sides of the GCLs (i.e., from the hydratable surfaces of the GCL after installation on site), thus allowing suction measurements without impacting the integrity of the geotextile-bentonite-geotextile structure. Suction measurements on a granular bentonite-based GCL showed higher time dependency compared with powdered bentonite-based GCLs. For the specific GCLs and conditions tested, the woven and nonwoven scrim-reinforced geotextile structure causes pronounced capillary break effects on the hydratable surface of GCL. In contrast, the woven geotextile structure has a minimal impact. When the FPT procedures are applied to GCLs, the interpretation of the results requires careful consideration of the method and time dependencies, wetting-drying hysteresis, capillary breaks, and how the measurements of total or matric suction are performed.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipAustralian Research Council [LP0989415]; Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship; Australian Research Council [LP0989415] Funding Source: Australian Research Councilen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis project was supported by the Australian Research Council's Linkage Projects funding scheme (project number LP0989415). The authors acknowledge the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship provided to the first author. The support of all the sponsors is gratefully acknowledged.en_US
dc.identifier.citation2
dc.identifier.doi10.1520/GTJ20200168en_US
dc.identifier.endpage467en_US
dc.identifier.issn0149-6115
dc.identifier.issn1945-7545
dc.identifier.issue2en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85121301487en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.startpage449en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20200168
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12469/5082
dc.identifier.volume45en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000754836400001en_US
dc.khas20231019-WoSen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAmer Soc Testing Materialsen_US
dc.relation.ispartofGeotechnical Testing Journalen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessen_US
dc.subjectWater-Retention Curves
dc.subjectHydraulic Conductivity
dc.subjectContact
dc.subjectWater-Retention CurvesEn_Us
dc.subjectGcl
dc.subjectHydraulic ConductivityEn_Us
dc.subjectMoisture
dc.subjectContactEn_Us
dc.subjectGclEn_Us
dc.subjectHydration
dc.subjectMoistureEn_Us
dc.subjectbentoniteen_US
dc.subjectExchange
dc.subjectfilter paper methoden_US
dc.subjectHydrationEn_Us
dc.subjectGCLen_US
dc.subjectgeosyntheticsen_US
dc.subjectExchangeEn_Us
dc.subjectgeosynthetic clay lineren_US
dc.subjectBehavior
dc.subjectsuction measurementen_US
dc.subjectBehaviorEn_Us
dc.subjecttime dependencyen_US
dc.titleChallenges of the Filter Paper Suction Measurements in Geosynthetic Clay Liners: Effects of Method, Time, Capillarity, and Hysteresisen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication

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