Browsing by Author "Zohaib, Muhammad"

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Efficient QCA-Based Circuits for Low-Power Medical IoT System
(Elsevier, 2025) Ajitha, D.; Zohaib, Muhammad; Ahmad, Firdous; Zaman, Khalid; Prabin, S. M.
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in the recent healthcare industry by providing precise diagnostic and treatment capabilities. There is a growing interest in medical IoT incorporated into healthcare systems. The processing unit of all medical IoT comprises complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. However, CMOS Medical IoT technology has become integrated into biomedical hardware systems at the nanoscale regime. Due to regulatory, ethical, and technological challenges, including slow processing speeds, high power consumption, and slow switching frequencies, particularly in the gigahertz (GHz) range. On the other hand, compared to traditional computers, quantum technology will accelerate processing by an order of magnitude and affect all artificial and medical (AI) and medical IoT processing applications. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) present a promising alternative digital hardware system in medical IoT. QCA technology makes an optimal choice for establishing circuit design frameworks for AI in medical IoT applications, where low-cost, real-time, energy-efficient performance is crucial. Moreever, encryption and decryption circuits have been used in medical IoT operations to protect sensitive patient data while it is being transmitted and stored. The essential arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is proposed in this context, which is the foundation for processing and computational units for medical IoT systems at the nanoscale devices. A systematic approach is involved in integrating adders, multiplexers, an ALU, and a logic unit to enhance processor drive and privacy via encryption and decryption in medical IoT. The experimental outcomes reveal that the recommended design overtakes the previous design by 15.48 % in terms of cells and 16.07 % in terms of area. The designs are accurately simulated using the QCADesigner-E 2.0.3 software tool.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 3
High-Speed and Area-Efficient Arithmetic and Logic Unit Architecture Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata for Digital Signal Processing
(Elsevier, 2025) Zohaib, Muhammad; Navimipour, Nima Jafari; Aydemir, Mehmet Timur; Ahmadpour, Seyed-Sajad
Signal processing has significantly influenced our lives in many domains, including telecommunications, education, healthcare, industry, and security. The efficiency of signal processing heavily relies on the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which stands as an essential hardware component. In addition, ALU is a fundamental part of a central processing unit (CPU), leading to fundamental operations inside the processor. However, the growing demand for small, robust hardware systems has led researchers to create nano-electronic technologies under consideration. One of the leading technologies in this field is Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), which demonstrates promising value as a possible alternative to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) designs since it enables compact circuit designs with minimal power consumption. The existing QCA-based ALU designs face limitations in cell count density together with high occupied area and high delay, which reduces their performance for real-time signal processing. This research presents a 1-bit ALU through a QCA-optimized approach for DSP applications. QCADesigner is used to validate and verify all proposed designs. Results show a statistically significant improvement in cell count reduction of 46.84 % and a total occupied area of 64.28 % lower than the most advanced version published to date.
A Low-Latency and Area-Efficient QCA-Based Quantum-Dot Design for Next-Generation Digital Sustainable Systems
(Elsevier, 2025) Zohaib, Muhammad; Ahmadpour, Seyed-Sajad; Rasmi, Hadi; Khan, Angshuman; Navimipour, Nima Jafari
Digital sustainable system plays a vital role in the advancement of dynamic industries, including agriculture, healthcare, smart cities, Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), by facilitating highspeed, low-power, and highly compressed processing. These systems are based on the capabilities of real-time execution, processing, and analysis of large-scale information with extreme power and area limitations. However, traditional Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) are becoming challenging in terms of scalability, power consumption, space demand, and nanoscale fabrication. The ALU is one of the most important parts of such systems and has a direct effect on the overall computing performance, but current implementations cannot sustain the requirements of next-generation applications. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper offers an area-efficient and low-latency ALU that can be designed with the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology, with the advantage of employing area-efficient layout and simple cell design. The proposed QCA-based ALU has high performance, less delay, and less energy consumption, which makes it properly suitable for the next generation of digital sustainable systems applications. The outcome of the simulation indicates that there are considerable performance gains, such as an 82.37% decrease in energy consumption, and a 9.21% decrease in area relative to current available design. These enhancements emphasize the power of QCA technology as a scalable and low-energy consumption alternative to CMOS in the realization of critical computing components in sustainable digital systems.
Citation - WoS: 15
Citation - Scopus: 18
A Nano-Design of a Quantum-Based Arithmetic and Logic Unit for Enhancing the Efficiency of the Future Iot Applications
(Aip Publishing, 2025) Ahmadpour, Seyed Sajad; Zaker, Maryam; Navimipour, Nima Jafari; Misra, Neeraj Kumar; Zohaib, Muhammad; Kassa, Sankit; Hakimi, Musawer
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an infrastructure of interconnected devices that gather, monitor, analyze, and distribute data. IoT is an inevitable technology for smart city infrastructure to ensure seamless communication across multiple nodes. IoT, with its ubiquitous application in every sector, ranging from health-care to transportation, energy, education, and agriculture, comes with serious challenges as well. Among the most significant ones is security since the majority of IoT devices do not encrypt normal data transmissions, making it easier for the network to breach and leak data. Traditional technologies such as CMOS and VLSI have the added disadvantage of consuming high energy, further creating avenues for security threats for IoT systems. To counter such problems, we require a new solution to replace traditional technologies with a secure IoT. In contrast to traditional solutions, quantum-based approaches offer promising solutions by significantly reducing the energy footprint of IoT systems. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one such approach and is an advanced nano-technology that exploits quantum principles to achieve complex computations with the advantages of high speed, less occupied area, and low power consumption. By reducing the energy requirements to a minimum, QCA technology makes IoT devices secure. This paper presents a QCA-based Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) as a solution to IoT security problems. The proposed ALU includes more than 12 logical and arithmetic operations and is designed using majority gates, XOR gates, multiplexers, and full adders. The proposed architecture, simulated in QCADesigner 2.0.3, achieves an improvement of 60.45% and 66.66% in cell count and total occupied area, respectively, compared to the best of the existing designs, proving to be effective and efficient.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 11
A Nano-Scale Design of Arithmetic and Logic Unit for Energy-Efficient Signal Processing Devices Based on a Quantum-Based Technology
(Springer, 2025) Zohaib, Muhammad; Navimipour, Nima Jafari; Aydemir, Mehmet Timur; Ahmadpour, Seyed-Sajad
Signal processing had a significant impact on the development of many elements of modern life, including telecommunications, education, healthcare, industry, and security. The semiconductor industry is the primary driver of signal processing innovation, producing ever-more sophisticated electronic devices and circuits in response to global demand. In addition, the central processing unit (CPU) is described as the "brain" of a computer or all electronic devices and signal processing. CPU is a critical electronic device that includes vital components such as memory, multiplier, adder, etc. Also, one of the essential components of the CPU is the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which executes the arithmetic and logical operations within all types of CPU operations, such as addition, multiplication, and subtraction. However, delay, occupied areas, and energy consumption are essential parameters in ALU circuits. Since the recent ALU designs experienced problems like high delay, high occupied area, and high energy consumption, implementing electronic circuits based on new technology can significantly boost the performance of entire signal processing devices, including microcontrollers, microprocessors, and printed devices, with high-speed and low occupied space. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is an effective technology for implementing all electronic circuits and signal processing applications to solve these shortcomings. It is a transistor-less nanotechnology being explored as a successor to established technologies like CMOS and VLSI due to its ultra-low power dissipation, high device density, fast operating speed in THz, and reduced circuit complexity. This research proposes a ground-breaking ALU that upgrades electrical devices such as microcontrollers by applying cutting-edge QCA nanotechnology. The primary goal is to offer a novel ALU architecture that fully utilizes the potential of QCA nanotechnology. Using a new and efficient approach, the fundamental gates are skillfully utilized with a coplanar layout based on a single cell not rotated. Furthermore, this work presents an enhanced 1-bit and 2-bit arithmetic logic unit in quantum dot cellular automata. The recommended design includes logic, arithmetic operations, full adder (FA) design, and multiplexers. Using the powerful simulation tools QCADesigner, all proposed designs are evaluated and verified. The simulation outcomes indicates that the suggested ALU has 42.48 and 64.28% improvements concerning cell count and total occupied area in comparison to the best earlier single-layer and multi-layer designs.
A Nano-Scale Quantum-Dot Multiplexer Architecture for Logic Units in Internet of Things Healthcare Systems
(Elsevier, 2025) Safoev, Nuriddin; Karimov, Madjit; Ahmadpour, Seyed-Sajad; Zohaib, Muhammad; Tashev, Komil; Ahmed, Suhaib
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a propelling technological shift that enables seamless networking between billions of physical devices across healthcare sectors, agriculture, smart cities, and industrial production lines. By integrating embedded sensors, actuators, and communication modules, IoT systems can gather real-time data, leading to better operational decisions and improved efficiency in healthcare systems. The rapid growth of IoT devices creates three main operational challenges related to power usage, efficiency, and thermal management requirements. The demand for more efficient, compact, high-speed, and energy-efficient devices poses significant challenges for these systems. Traditional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based architectures struggle to meet these demanding requirements, representing a major barrier to the development of reliable and scalable next-generation IoT systems. This research demonstrates Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) nanotechnology as an alternative solution because it performs logical operations through electron positioning rather than conventional current flow. This paper proposes a modified version of a QCA-based multiplexer design (MUX) since digital logic systems require these signal routing elements for operation. The fundamental 2:1 MUX is established using QCA cell-interaction principles, and then 4:1 and 8:1 QCA MUXs are designed through hierarchical expansion. The suggested modified MUX devices operate on a compact scale with minimal cells to reduce the occupied area compared to current MUX designs. The research outcomes demonstrate that QCA circuits hold promising potential for creating energy-saving, powerful, and scalable computational platforms for future IoT healthcare systems.
A New Design of Arithmetic and Logic Unit for Enhancing the Security of Future Internet of Things Devices Using Quantum-Dot Technology
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Zaker, Maryam; Ahmadpour, Seyed Sajad; Navimipour, Nima Jafari; Zohaib, Muhammad; Misra, Neeraj Kumar; Kassa, Sankit; Alsaleh, Omar I.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices that collect, monitor, analyze, and exchange data. This technology plays a crucial role in the smart city infrastructure by seamlessly interconnecting various nodes. The extensive application and recognition of IoT across multiple city domains, such as healthcare, transportation, energy, education, and agriculture, bring significant challenges, with security among the most pressing. Traditional hardware technologies like Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) suffer from limitations such as high power consumption and insufficient scalability, which hinder secure and sustainable IoT deployment. Such limitations have prompted the need to seek other technologies that would serve the dual purpose of providing security as well as energy. Quantum-based technologies can become adequate candidates offering promising solutions to make IoT devices and sustainable systems more secured. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) has been proposed as a nanotechnology with the potential of consuming ultra-low powers, less area, and high-speed operation. QCA enhances security through sustainable computing objectives by minimizing energy usage. To improve the future security and efficiency of IoT hardware, this paper suggests a QCA-based Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). This ALU can generate more than 12 logical and arithmetic operations. Designed together with the majority gates, XOR gates, multiplexers, and full adders, the ALU is simulated using the QCA-Designer 2.0.3. Simulated results indicate improvements in the number of cells and reduced occupied area relative to the earlier designs. These results indicate the potential of QCA technology in enabling secure, energy-efficient, and compact computing architecture applicable in the future IoT.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Proposing and Developing Low-Power Quantum Arithmetic Logic Units (QALUs) for Smart Grids and the Internet of Energy
(IEEE, 2025) Ahmadpour, Seyed Sajad; Zohaib, Muhammad; Rasmi, Hadi; Navimipour, Nima Jafari; Alsaleh, Omar I.
The advancement of modern power systems has produced smart grids by implementing intelligent control systems linked with digital communication technology to boost reliability and sustainability while improving operational efficiency. The Internet of Energy (IoE) represents an advanced version of smart grids that adopt real-time monitoring with decentralized energy management and dynamic power distribution to maximize energy efficiency. The development of the IoE encounters major obstacles because it handles problems involving power consumption, alongside calculation speed, network stability, the protection of information resources, and problems related to system performance management. The solution to these difficulties demands innovative technological methods for implementation. The authors present Quantum Arithmetic Logic Units (QALUs), which serve as a groundbreaking technology for optimizing performance and energy usage in smart grids, together with IoE systems. The combination of nanotechnology elements with quantum computing rules enables QALUs to operate with minimal power requirements alongside simultaneous processing features and error-resilient operations, which suits them for immediate energy supervision purposes. The QALU design proposal demonstrates the evaluation of power efficiency performance while showing operational accuracy levels and scalability capabilities for a future energy network revolution. The proposed ALU brings improvements in all areas, including power consumption, with a 99.29results. This paper marks a transformative advancement in the development of quantum-enhanced smart grids, which pave the way for enhanced, sustainable, and secure optimized energy systems.
Scalable and Low-Power Reversible Logic for Future Devices: QCA and IBM-Based Gate Realization
(Elsevier, 2025) Ahmadpour, Seyed-Sajad; Navimipour, Nima Jafari; Zohaib, Muhammad; Misra, Neeraj Kumar; Pour, Mahsa Rastegar; Rasmi, Hadi; Das, Jadav Chandra
One such revolutionary approach to changing the nano-electronic landscape is integrating reversible logic with quantum dot technology that will replace the conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) circuits for ultra-high speed, low density, and energy-efficient digital designs. The implementation of the reversible structure under the most inflexible conditions, as executed by quantum laws, is a highly challenging task. Furthermore, the enormous occupying areas seriously compromise the accuracy of the output in quantum dot circuits. Because of this challenge, quantum circuits can be employed as fundamental building blocks in highperformance digital systems since their implementation has a key impact on overall system performance. This study discusses a paradigm shift in nanoscale digital design by using a 4 x 4 reversible gate that redefines the basis of efficiency and precision. This reversible gate is elaborately used in a reversible full-adder circuit, fully symbolizing the core of minimum area, ultra-low energy consumption, and perfect output accuracy. The proposed reversible circuits have been fully realized using quantum-dot cellular automata technology (QCA), simulated, and verified by the highly reliable tool such as Qiskit IBM and QCADesigner 2.0.3. Furthermore, simulations results demonstrated the superiority of the QCA-based proposed adder, which reduced occupied area by 7.14 %, and cell count by 11.57 %, respectively. This work resolves some problems and opens new boundaries toward the future of digital circuits by addressing the main challenges of stability and pushing the boundaries of reversible logic design.