Oktik, Şener

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Citation - Scopus: 5
The Holy Triangle of Science, Technology and Industry for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Oktik, Ş.
Collaborations and co-creations within the “Holy Triangle of Science, Technology and Industry” have been governing the unprecedented progress in each and every part of the value chain of the photovoltaic solar energy conversion sector since the first discovery of the photovoltaic effect in 1839 by French physicist Alexander Edmond Becquerel (Becquerel in C R 9:561–567, 1839). Intentionally or accidentally discovered effects leading to converting solar energy directly to electrical energy were initiated innovation cycles in the photovoltaic power industry aimed at delivering workable, economically feasible products to serve end users. Despite the growing interest in photovoltaic conversion, the level of scientific understanding of interaction between light and matter had been somewhat unclear up to the end of nineteenth centuries. The frontline of scientific and technological developments in the field of converting solar energy directly to electrical energy were pushed forward continuously in the early twentieth century, with the better understanding of light and matter interaction combined with the discovery of the electron and nucleus. Despite the low converting efficiencies, scientist, technologists and entrepreneurs kept their faith in the emergence of a commercially feasible device to convert solar energy to electricity in the first half of twentieth century. At the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century, the Bell Telephone Company engaged in controlling the properties of semiconductors by introducing impurities for silicon rectifiers and they discovered that illumination of a p-n heterojunction constructed between silicon containing gallium impurities and lithium creates a current in the external circuit. Following this observation, the innovation ecosystem at Bell laboratories surrounding fundamental research and development, technological progress as well product development focused their effort to improve the properties of silicon semiconductors and fabricating a solar cell based on silicon p-n junctions. In 1954 they designed a “solar battery” by serial connection of a solar cell to power the radio transmitter (Chapin et al. in J Appl Phys 25(5):676–677, 1954). Since then the extensive basic research and technological development efforts have been offering innovative solutions for photovoltaic conversion in efficiency, stability and manufacturing cost to compete with conventional power production technologies as well as other clean energy technologies. The progress in the each corner of the holy triangle follow complex and evolutionary road maps and the parameters of solar cells, modules and systems have being improved using innovative materials, devices, technologies for solar power sector different combinations. The emerging and novel technologies have been advancing in the technology readiness level (TRL) index from the blue sky research level (TRL1) to the system demonstration over the full range of expected conditions level (TRL9). This work aims to summarize the relationships in the holy triangle of science, technology and industry in the quest to convert solar energy into electricity since the first discovery of the photovoltaic effect in 1839 (Becquerel in C R 9:561–567, 1839). © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Improving Income Distribution in Turkey
(Peter Lang Publishing Group, 2018) Şener, O.
This paper aims to solve the inequality problems in Turkey, based on the principles of the public economy and concerning fairness in taxation. According to Musgrave, the founder of modern public finance, as like the efficiency in resource allocation and stabilization, fairness in income distribution is one of the three main goals of the public economy to be fulfilled. If these allocational and distributional main goals are not satisfied, the sub-goals such as sustainable growth rate, full employment, foreign trade balance and price level stability cannot be sustained. Based on Musgrave’s theory, the first part of the paper includes those factors that affect income distribution, such as the state of distribution of GNP (gross national product) and wealth; provision of public services; and other factors such as taxation, educational opportunities, father’s occupation, ownership of the factor of products, employment, quality of democracy, corruption and public borrowing. The second part of my paper comprises those methods such as the Lorenz Curve, Gini Coefficient and distribution of income in Turkey, with respect to the 20% quintiles and 10% population segments. The result of all these methods reveals that the state of income distribution in Turkey is one of the worst among the member countries of the European Union, calling for governmental intervention in order to improve it. In the concluding section of this study, we consider some fiscal policy measures to be undertaken by the government to improve income distribution and to reduce poverty in Turkey. © Peter Lang GmbH.

Journal	Count
Issues in Public Sector Economics: Empirical Analysis from Various Countries	1
Lecture Notes in Energy	1

Oktik, Şener

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Sustainable Development Goals

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PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

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