Uluslararası Ticaretin ve Standardizasyonunun Küresel Etkileri
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Date
2009
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Bu çalışma, günümüz dünyasında son derece gelişmiş olan uluslararası ticaretin bu şekilde ilerlemesinde hangi etmenlerin rol oynadığının sorgulanması üzerine başlatılmış; bu sorgulama neticesinde, gelişimin büyük ölçüde yükselen standartlar ile sağlandığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Standartlar sayesinde kalkınan uluslararası ticaretin küresel çaptaki etkileri, bu çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır.Tarihsel arka plana bakıldığında, II. Dünya Savaşı ertesinde yaşanan yıkımın bir kez daha yaşanmaması için söz konusu yıkımdan payını alan aktörler, birbirlerine olan bağımlılıkların arttırılması konusunda uzlaşmaya varmışlar; ilk adım olarak da aralarındaki ticaret hacmini artırma yolunda birçok anlaşma yaparak bu iradelerini ortaya koymuşlardır. Yapılan anlaşmalar ve bu bağlamda oluşturulan kuruluşlar kapsamında, uluslararası ticaretin gelişmesi için kurallarda yeknesaklığın sağlanması ve çeşitli standartların oluşturulması gereği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun neticesinde belge, teslim ve ödeme yöntemlerinde belirlenen standartlar ile ticaretin hacmi ve kapsamı arttırılmıştır.Artan ticaret, ülkeleri birbirlerine yaklaştırmış, ortaya çıkan sorunlar karşısında ortak hareket etmelerinin tüm tarafların menfaatine olduğu görülmüştür. Günümüz dünyasındaki bu karşılıklı bağımlıklar neticesinde, ülkelerin karar verici otoritelerinin aldıkları siyasi kararlarda ülkelerin birbirleriyle olan ticari ilişkileri en belirleyici faktörlerin başında yer almıştır.Uluslararası ticaretin tarihsel arka planı ve teorik alt yapısı çalışmanın birinci bölümünü oluşturmuştur. Daha sonrasında, uluslararası ticarette ihtiyaç duyulan gelişme ve standartlaşmanın hangi kurumlar tarafından oluşturulduğu ve bu kurumların yapıları incelenmiştir. Son bölümde, uluslararası ticarette standardizasyonun üç ana konusu olan belge, teslim ve ödeme standartlarının neler olduğun anlatılmış ve bu standartların ekonomik etkileri grafik ve tablolar ile ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç kısmında ise standartlarla gelişen uluslararası ticaretin dünya sosyo-ekonomik yapısına yaptığı etkilere dair görüşler anlatılmıştır.
This study is initiated upon querying what factors are playing role on the development of highly sophisticated international trade of present time; and at the end of this query, it is found out that the development, to a great extent, brought forward by rising standards. The global effects of the international trade developed by virtue of the standards form the basis of this study.Looking at the historical background, the actors, who had their shares from the devastation experienced after the World War II, reached a compromise to increase their interdependency in order not to experience such devastation once again; and as the first step, they showed their desire by making numerous agreements in the direction of increasing the volume of trade between them. Within the scope of the agreements made and the institutions set up within this context; it became necessary to ensure uniformity in rules and to set up various standards for developing the international trade. As a result of this, the volume and the scope of the trade increased by virtue of the standards defined in documentation, delivery and payment methods.The rising trade brought the countries closer together, and it is seen that acting together against the arising problems would be for the benefit of all the parties involved. As a consequence of these mutual dependencies of our time, the existing trade relations between the countries have taken place on the top of the list of the most determinant factors in political decisions made by the decision making authorities of the countries.The historical background and theoretical infrastructure of international trade have formed the first section of the study. Afterwards, the institutions, establishing the development and standardization required in international trade, and the structures of these institutions are examined. In the final section, three main subjects of standardization in international trade, i.e., documentation, delivery and payment standards are explained, and the economical impacts of these standards are displayed with graphics and tables, and whereas in the conclusion section, the opinions on the impacts made by international trade, which has been developed by the standards, on social-economic structure of the world are discussed.
This study is initiated upon querying what factors are playing role on the development of highly sophisticated international trade of present time; and at the end of this query, it is found out that the development, to a great extent, brought forward by rising standards. The global effects of the international trade developed by virtue of the standards form the basis of this study.Looking at the historical background, the actors, who had their shares from the devastation experienced after the World War II, reached a compromise to increase their interdependency in order not to experience such devastation once again; and as the first step, they showed their desire by making numerous agreements in the direction of increasing the volume of trade between them. Within the scope of the agreements made and the institutions set up within this context; it became necessary to ensure uniformity in rules and to set up various standards for developing the international trade. As a result of this, the volume and the scope of the trade increased by virtue of the standards defined in documentation, delivery and payment methods.The rising trade brought the countries closer together, and it is seen that acting together against the arising problems would be for the benefit of all the parties involved. As a consequence of these mutual dependencies of our time, the existing trade relations between the countries have taken place on the top of the list of the most determinant factors in political decisions made by the decision making authorities of the countries.The historical background and theoretical infrastructure of international trade have formed the first section of the study. Afterwards, the institutions, establishing the development and standardization required in international trade, and the structures of these institutions are examined. In the final section, three main subjects of standardization in international trade, i.e., documentation, delivery and payment standards are explained, and the economical impacts of these standards are displayed with graphics and tables, and whereas in the conclusion section, the opinions on the impacts made by international trade, which has been developed by the standards, on social-economic structure of the world are discussed.
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Keywords
Uluslararası Ticaret, Belge – Teslim ve Ödeme Standartları, Standardizasyon, Küreselleşme, International Trade, Documentation – Delivery and Payment Standards, Standardization, Globalization