Hepatosellüler Karsinomda Gelişen İlaç Direncinin Aşılması için Antibiyofilm Etkili Ajanların Potansiyellerinin Araştırılması
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2025
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Ölümle sonuçlanan dördüncü en yaygın kanser türü olan karaciğer kanseri, en yaygın tür olan hepatosellüler karsinoma (HCC) için sınırlı tedavilere sahiptir. FDA onaylı, multi-kinaz inhibitörü sorafenib, ileri HCC'nin tedavisinin ilk aşamasında en çok tercih edilen ilaçtır. Günümüzde hastalara, önemli radyolojik ilerleme gözlenene kadar sorafenib tedavisi almaları ve ardından sorafenib'i başka bir FDA onaylı multi-kinaz inhibitörü olan regorafenib ile birlikte kullanmaları önerilmektedir. Ne yazık ki hastaların yaklaşık %70'i sorafenibe karşı gelişen direnç nedeniyle bu tedaviden fayda görememektedir. Metastatik karaciğer kanseri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, gastrointestinal sistemden yayılan bağırsak mikrobiyotasını tümörle ilişkilendirmiş ve bağırsaklardan karaciğere bakteriyel geçişi göstermiştir. Tümör mikroçevresinde varlıklarını gösterebilen bakteriler, hayatta kalmak ve çoğalmak için genellikle biyofilm tabakası içeren bir habitat yaratır ve tümör hücreleri de bundan faydalanarak gelişebilir. Böyle bir tabaka ile korunmak, bakterilerin metabolik aktivitelerini mümkün olduğunca azaltarak antibiyotiklerin etkilerinden uzaklaşmasını da kolaylaştırır. Bu tezde, bakterilerin hayatta kalma şanslarını arttırmak için oluşturdukları biyofilm, hem oluşum mekanizması hem de içeriği açısından ele alınmıştır. Biyofilm oluşum sürecine katkıda bulunan temel proteinlerin inhibisyonu için küçük moleküllerden oluşan bir kütüphane oluşturulmuştur. Yüksek bağlanma afinitesine sahip potansiyel inhibitör moleküllerinin antibiyofilm etkileri moleküler yerleştirme ile gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, FDA onaylı kemoterapi ilaçları sorafenib ve regorafenib'e dirençli HCC hedef proteinleri seçilmiştir. Bakteriyel biyofilm hedef proteinlerle moleküler yerleştirme sonucu en iyi sonucu veren küçük moleküller, HCC dirençli hedef proteinlerle yeniden moleküler yerleştirme yapılarak moleküler dinamik simülasyonlarla gözlemlenmiştir. Bu tez, geliştirilecek en etkili kombinatoryal tedavinin mekanizmalarını incelemeyi hedeflemektedir.
The fourth most common cancer that results in death, liver cancer, has limited treatments for its most common type, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The FDA-approved, multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib is the main preferred drug in the first stage of treatment of advanced HCC. Today, patients are recommended to receive sorafenib treatment until significant radiological progression is observed. Then, sorafenib is used together with another FDA-approved multi-kinase inhibitor, regorafenib. Unfortunately, nearly 70% of patients do not benefit from this treatment due to the resistance that develops against sorafenib. Studies on metastatic liver cancer have been able to associate the intestinal microbiota spreading through the gastrointestinal tract with the tumor and show the bacterial transmission from the intestines to the liver. The bacteria that can show their presence in the tumor microenvironment create a habitat, generally including a biofilm layer, to survive and multiply, which the tumor cells can also benefit from to prosper. Being protected by such a layer also makes it easier for bacteria to get away from the effects of antibiotics by reducing their metabolic activities as much as possible. In this thesis, the biofilm that bacteria form to increase their chances of survival is discussed in terms of its formation mechanism and content. A library of small molecules has been created to inhibit key proteins contributing to biofilm formation. The antibiofilm effects of potential inhibitor molecules with high binding affinity have been observed with molecular docking. In addition, HCC target proteins suggested to be involved in resistance to FDA-approved chemotherapy drugs, sorafenib and regorafenib, were selected. The best results from the library docked with bacterial biofilm target proteins were re-docked with HCC-resistant proteins. Then, molecular dynamics simulations were performed with these proteins. This thesis aims to examine the mechanisms of the most effective combinatorial treatment to be developed.
The fourth most common cancer that results in death, liver cancer, has limited treatments for its most common type, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The FDA-approved, multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib is the main preferred drug in the first stage of treatment of advanced HCC. Today, patients are recommended to receive sorafenib treatment until significant radiological progression is observed. Then, sorafenib is used together with another FDA-approved multi-kinase inhibitor, regorafenib. Unfortunately, nearly 70% of patients do not benefit from this treatment due to the resistance that develops against sorafenib. Studies on metastatic liver cancer have been able to associate the intestinal microbiota spreading through the gastrointestinal tract with the tumor and show the bacterial transmission from the intestines to the liver. The bacteria that can show their presence in the tumor microenvironment create a habitat, generally including a biofilm layer, to survive and multiply, which the tumor cells can also benefit from to prosper. Being protected by such a layer also makes it easier for bacteria to get away from the effects of antibiotics by reducing their metabolic activities as much as possible. In this thesis, the biofilm that bacteria form to increase their chances of survival is discussed in terms of its formation mechanism and content. A library of small molecules has been created to inhibit key proteins contributing to biofilm formation. The antibiofilm effects of potential inhibitor molecules with high binding affinity have been observed with molecular docking. In addition, HCC target proteins suggested to be involved in resistance to FDA-approved chemotherapy drugs, sorafenib and regorafenib, were selected. The best results from the library docked with bacterial biofilm target proteins were re-docked with HCC-resistant proteins. Then, molecular dynamics simulations were performed with these proteins. This thesis aims to examine the mechanisms of the most effective combinatorial treatment to be developed.
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Biyoloji, Genetik, Onkoloji, Biology, Genetics, Oncology
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