Türkı̇ye İçı̇n Eşı̇tsı̇zlı̇k Tahmı̇nlerı̇ndekı̇ Aşağı Yönlü Yanlılığın Konut Fı̇yatları Verı̇lerı̇yle Düzeltı̇lmesı̇
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Date
2024
Authors
Karabulut, Fırat Çağlar
Tekgüç, Hasan
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Abstract
Hanehalkı anketleri genellikle en çok kazananların gelirlerini yakalamakta başarısız olmaktadır. En çok kazananların anketlere yanıt verme olasılığı daha düşüktür ve müteşebbis gelirine ilişkin soruları yanıtlamama olasılıkları daha yüksektir, yani 'kayıp zengin' sorunu. Bu sorunları çözmek için literatürdeki en yaygın yöntem, gelir vergisi kayıtlarından elde edilen verilerin kullanılmasıdır. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için vergi kayıtlarının kullanılması iki açıdan sorunludur: (i) bu ülkelerin çoğunda vergi kayıtlarının özet ölçümleri bile kamuya açık değildir ve (ii) vergi kaçakçılığı yaygındır ve resmi vergi kayıtları mevcut olsa bile muhtemelen güvenilir değildir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada 'kayıp zengin' sorunu, üst gelirleri tahmin etmek için www.sahibinden.com adresinden elde edilen konut fiyatı verileri kullanılarak düzeltilmiştir. Hanehalkı gelirlerini konut fiyatlarını kullanarak tahmin ediyoruz ve bu tahminleri anket verilerinin sağ kuyruğuna ekliyoruz. Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi'nin 2019 yılında toplam hanelerin yaklaşık yüzde 5'ini eksik saydığını tahmin ediyoruz. Kayıp zengin haneler dahil edildiğinde, en üst %5'lik (%10) gelir payları %17'den (%27) %28'e (%40) yükselmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye'de hanehalkı gelirinin Gini endeksi 35,3'ten 50'ye yükselmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: eşitsizlik, Türkiye, konut fiyatları, en yüksek gelirler, gelir eşitsizliği, gelir dağılımı
Household surveys often fail to capture incomes of top earners. Top earners are less likely to respond to surveys and more likely to not answer questions concerning entrepreneurial income, i.e. the 'missing rich' problem. The most common method in the literature to solve these problems is the use of data obtained from income tax records. Using tax records for developing countries is problematic in two respects: (i) even summary measures of tax records are not publicly available in most of these countries and (ii) tax evasion is rampant and official tax records are probably not reliable even if they were available. Therefore, in this study, the 'missing rich' problem is corrected by using house price data obtained from www.sahibinden.com to estimate top incomes. We estimate household incomes using house prices and append these estimates to the right tail of survey data. We estimate that the Household Budget Survey undercounted approximately 5 percent of total households in 2019. When the missing rich households are included, top 5% (10%) income shares increase from 17% (27%) to 28% (40%). As a result, the Gini index of household income in Turkey has increased from 35.3 to 50. Keywords: inequality, Turkey, house prices, top incomes, income inequality, income distribution Household surveys often fail to capture incomes of top earners. Top earners are less likely to respond to surveys and more likely to not answer questions concerning entrepreneurial income, i.e. the 'missing rich' problem. The most common method in the literature to solve these problems is the use of data obtained from income tax records. Using tax records for developing countries is problematic in two respects: (i) even summary measures of tax records are not publicly available in most of these countries and (ii) tax evasion is rampant and official tax records are probably not reliable even if they were available. Therefore, in this study, the 'missing rich' problem is corrected by using house price data obtained from www.sahibinden.com to estimate top incomes. We estimate household incomes using house prices and append these estimates to the right tail of survey data. We estimate that the Household Budget Survey undercounted approximately 5 percent of total households in 2019. When the missing rich households are included, top 5% (10%) income shares increase from 17% (27%) to 28% (40%). As a result, the Gini index of household income in Turkey has increased from 35.3 to 50. Keywords: inequality, Turkey, house prices, top incomes, income inequality, income distribution
Household surveys often fail to capture incomes of top earners. Top earners are less likely to respond to surveys and more likely to not answer questions concerning entrepreneurial income, i.e. the 'missing rich' problem. The most common method in the literature to solve these problems is the use of data obtained from income tax records. Using tax records for developing countries is problematic in two respects: (i) even summary measures of tax records are not publicly available in most of these countries and (ii) tax evasion is rampant and official tax records are probably not reliable even if they were available. Therefore, in this study, the 'missing rich' problem is corrected by using house price data obtained from www.sahibinden.com to estimate top incomes. We estimate household incomes using house prices and append these estimates to the right tail of survey data. We estimate that the Household Budget Survey undercounted approximately 5 percent of total households in 2019. When the missing rich households are included, top 5% (10%) income shares increase from 17% (27%) to 28% (40%). As a result, the Gini index of household income in Turkey has increased from 35.3 to 50. Keywords: inequality, Turkey, house prices, top incomes, income inequality, income distribution Household surveys often fail to capture incomes of top earners. Top earners are less likely to respond to surveys and more likely to not answer questions concerning entrepreneurial income, i.e. the 'missing rich' problem. The most common method in the literature to solve these problems is the use of data obtained from income tax records. Using tax records for developing countries is problematic in two respects: (i) even summary measures of tax records are not publicly available in most of these countries and (ii) tax evasion is rampant and official tax records are probably not reliable even if they were available. Therefore, in this study, the 'missing rich' problem is corrected by using house price data obtained from www.sahibinden.com to estimate top incomes. We estimate household incomes using house prices and append these estimates to the right tail of survey data. We estimate that the Household Budget Survey undercounted approximately 5 percent of total households in 2019. When the missing rich households are included, top 5% (10%) income shares increase from 17% (27%) to 28% (40%). As a result, the Gini index of household income in Turkey has increased from 35.3 to 50. Keywords: inequality, Turkey, house prices, top incomes, income inequality, income distribution
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Keywords
Ekonomi, Gelir dağılımı, Gelir dağılımı politikaları, Kazanç eşitsizliği, Sermaye kazançları, Servet eşitsizliği, Üst gelir grubu, Economics, Income distribution, Income distribution policies, Earnings inequality, Capital incomes, Wealth inequality, Upper income group
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61