Yugoslavya'nın dağılması ve Bosna Savaşı
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Date
2010
Authors
Şafak, Yasin
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Bosna-Hersek Avrupa'nın Doğusunda Balkanların Batısında yer alan bir ülkedir. Ülkenin yazgısı coğrafyasından ve nüfusundan açığa çıkar. Avrupa'nın Doğusundan Adriyatik'e ve Ege'ye inen hat tarih boyunca göçlerin, istilaların, büyük devletlerin mücadelesinin, etnik ve dini renkliliğin görülebileceği yerlerdir. Ortaçağda nerdeyse günümüzü andıran sınırlarında krallığı ve bağımsız Bosna kilisesi ile oluşan Bosna Devleti uzun ömürlü olamamış ve büyük devletlere bağlı olarak 20. yüzyıla kadar gelmiştir. Bu devletler sırasıyla Macar krallığı, Osmanlı Devleti ve Avusturya Macaristandır.Ulus devletlerin çok büyük bir oranda homojenleştirilmiş olduğu Avrupa, Kuzey Afrika, Ortadoğu ve Balkanlar dörtgeninde Bosna, Katolik, Ortodoks ve Müslüman halkının kısa dönemler hariç yüzyıllardır tanınmış antiteler olarak yaşadığı bir ülkedir. Fakat son yüzyılda Bosna'yı ön plana getiren, kurucu ve yıkıcı iradelere potansiyel haline getiren etnik ve folklorik özelliklerinden ziyade çok çeşitli aktörlerin içinde yeraldığı krizlerin düğüm veya çözülüş odağı olmasıdır. Avrupa Diplomasisinde Doğu Sorunu olarak adlandırılan topraklar Bosna'dan başlıyor kabul edilir. Bosna ve Makedonya krizlerine Büyük Güçler o denli ilintili olmuşlardır ki I. Dünya Savaşı'nı patlatan bahane de Bosna'nın başkenti Saraybosna'dan çıkar.I.Dünya Savaşı sonrasının kazanan taraflarca idealize edilen devlet modeli güney Slavlarca da uygulanır ve Yugoslavlar entegre olur. II. Dünya Savaşı ile birlikte Yugoslavya ve ona bağlı Bosna-Hersek de işgalden nasibini alır. II. Dünya Savaşında işgalden partizan direnişiyle kurtulan topraklarda sosyalist bir federasyon olarak yeni Yugoslavya kurulur. Bu devlet Doğu Bloku ve Kapitalist dünyanın her ikisince de idealize edilen değil tahammül edilen bir modeldir.Bosna-Hersek sosyalist federasyonu oluşturan altı cumhuriyetten birisidir. Tito'nun ölümünden sonra federasyon zayıflar, en başta Sırplar ve Hırvatlar olmak üzere tüm Yugoslavya'da yeniden millici siyasetler yükselişe geçer. 1991 yılında o zamanki Avrupa Topluluğu'nun da engelleyemediği bir süreç hızla yaşanır, Yugoslavya parçalanmaya başlar, 1992'de parçalanmanın en sert ayağı olacak Bosna Savaşı patlak verir.1990'lardaki Yugoslavya Savaşlarında uluslararası aktörlerin etkisi geçen yüzyıla oranla azdır. Bir sorumluluk varsa bu daha çok krizi önleyememe, tesbiti doğru yapamama ve savaşı bitirecek yahut marjinalize edecek siyasetleri uygulayamama noktalarındadır. Birleşmiş Milletler 1992-1995 Bosna Savaşı'nın gayretli fakat başarısız addedilen aktörü olur. Bunun en temel nedeni Batılı merkez devletlerin bir türlü ortak politika gerçekleştirememesi adeta birbirlerini sabote edici girişimlerde olmasıdır. Oluşan boşluğu ABD doldurur. NATO'nun hukuken olmasa da fiilen ilk alandışı müdahalesi Bosna Savaşıyladır denebilir. Savaşın son yılında ABD diplomasi masalarında etkinlik kurarken NATO da aslında şemsiyesi altında olduğu BM müdahalesini orkestra eder.Savaşın sonunu getiren Dayton Antlaşması da A.B.D yörüngesinde hazırlanır. Bosna Hersek'de savaşı sonlandıran Dayton, dünyanın en enteresan devletlerinden birini kurmuştur. Bir federasyonla bir cumhuriyetin oluşturduğu ülke Boşnak-Hırvat Federasyonu ve Sırp Cumhuriyetinden oluşur.1995 Dayton Antlaşması savaşı bitirmede başarılı olmuştur. Bugüne kadar da tekrardan bir çatışma patlak vermemiştir. Bu anlaşmanın başarısından olabileceği kadar, savaşan üç Bosnalı antitenin yılgınlığından da olabilir. Etnik temizliklerin, politik askeri enterne edişlerin hiçbiri geçici ve göreli üstünlüklerden fazlasını vermemiştir. Bu yüzden halen içinde çatışmayan fakat mekanizmalarında ideal bir işbirliği de yapılmayan bir Bosna-Hersek Devleti vardır.ETİKETLERBosna Hersek, Bosna, Bosna Savaşı, Yugoslavya, Doğu Sorunu, Balkanlar, Hırvatistan, Sırbistan, Soğuk Savaş, Yeni Dünya Düzeni, Savaş, Barış, Dayton
Bosnia-Herzegovina is a country which is located at the East of Europe and at the West of Balkans. Destiny of the country is obvious from its geography and its population. The lines springing down from Eastern Europe till the Adriatic and Aegean Sea are places where the history-long migrations, invasions, fights of large states and ethnical and religious colorfulness can be observed. The State of Bosnia, formed with its borders almost as the ones today and its independent Church of Bosnia, did not have a very long life and lived until the 20th century, dependent on other big states. These states were Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary, respectively.Bosnia is a country within the square of Europe, North Africa, Middle-East and Balkans, where national states have now been greatly homogenized, wherein Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim societies lived for many centuries as well-known entities. However, what has recently brought Bosnia to the fore is not its ethnic and folkloric features that potentialized it with constructive and destructive will, but it is the fact that Bosnia has been the tying and resolution point of crises wherein a great variety of actors took roles. The lands named as ?The Eastern Problem? in the European Diplomacy are considered to be starting from Bosnia. The Great Powers were so correlated in crises of Bosnia and Macedonia that the pretex that caused World War I sprang from Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia.The state model after World War I, idealized by winners of this war, was also applied by the Slavic societies in the south and the Yugoslavians were integrated. With World War II, Yugoslavia and its affiliate Bosnia-Herzegovina had their share of invasions. The new Yugoslavia was founded as a socialist federation on the land which could be saved thanks to the partisan resistance in World War II. This state was not an idealized state model in the East Block and the Capitalistic World, but a tolerated one.Bosnia-Herzegovina is one of the six republics that form the socialist federation. The federation weakens after the death of Tito and nationalist politics start to rise again in all Yugoslavia, Serbs and Croatians leading the way. A process which the European Community of the time was experienced in such a haste and Yugoslavia starts to disintegrate. In 1992, the Bosnia War, which was going to be the hardest level of the disintegration, breaks out.Impact of the international actors on Yugoslavian Wars of the 90s are less, compared to the previous years. If there are any responsibilities, there are rather on failure to prevent the crisis, conduct determinations correctly and apply the policies that could end or marginalize the war. The United Nations were considered to be the keen but unsuccessful actor of the Bosna War between 1992 and 1995. The most basic reason of this is failure of Western central states to realize a common policy and almost sabotaging each other. The consequent gap is filled by the USA. It can be said that NATO?s first out-of-zone intervention, if not legal, comes with the Bosnia War. While the USA establishes its strength on desks of diplomacy, NATO orchestrates the intervention of its mother entity, United Nations, in the last year of the war.The Dayton Treaty, which ends the war, is prepared within the direction of USA. The Dayton, which ends the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, has established one of the most interesting states of the world. A country formed by a federation and a republic is formed by the Bosnian-Croatian Federation and Serbian Republic.The Dayton Treaty succeeded in ending the war. No fights have broken out since. This can be due to the crestfallenness of the three Bosnian entity, as much as the success of this treaty. No ethnical cleansing or political or military internments gave more than temporary and relative superiority. For this reason, there is still the State of Bosnia-Herzegovina wherein there is no internal conflict, but no ideal cooperation in the mechanics either.TAGSBosnia Herzegovina, Bosnia, Bosnia War, Yugoslavia, Eastern Problem, Balkans, Croatia, Serbia, Cold War, New World Order, War, Peace, Dayton.
Bosnia-Herzegovina is a country which is located at the East of Europe and at the West of Balkans. Destiny of the country is obvious from its geography and its population. The lines springing down from Eastern Europe till the Adriatic and Aegean Sea are places where the history-long migrations, invasions, fights of large states and ethnical and religious colorfulness can be observed. The State of Bosnia, formed with its borders almost as the ones today and its independent Church of Bosnia, did not have a very long life and lived until the 20th century, dependent on other big states. These states were Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary, respectively.Bosnia is a country within the square of Europe, North Africa, Middle-East and Balkans, where national states have now been greatly homogenized, wherein Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim societies lived for many centuries as well-known entities. However, what has recently brought Bosnia to the fore is not its ethnic and folkloric features that potentialized it with constructive and destructive will, but it is the fact that Bosnia has been the tying and resolution point of crises wherein a great variety of actors took roles. The lands named as ?The Eastern Problem? in the European Diplomacy are considered to be starting from Bosnia. The Great Powers were so correlated in crises of Bosnia and Macedonia that the pretex that caused World War I sprang from Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia.The state model after World War I, idealized by winners of this war, was also applied by the Slavic societies in the south and the Yugoslavians were integrated. With World War II, Yugoslavia and its affiliate Bosnia-Herzegovina had their share of invasions. The new Yugoslavia was founded as a socialist federation on the land which could be saved thanks to the partisan resistance in World War II. This state was not an idealized state model in the East Block and the Capitalistic World, but a tolerated one.Bosnia-Herzegovina is one of the six republics that form the socialist federation. The federation weakens after the death of Tito and nationalist politics start to rise again in all Yugoslavia, Serbs and Croatians leading the way. A process which the European Community of the time was experienced in such a haste and Yugoslavia starts to disintegrate. In 1992, the Bosnia War, which was going to be the hardest level of the disintegration, breaks out.Impact of the international actors on Yugoslavian Wars of the 90s are less, compared to the previous years. If there are any responsibilities, there are rather on failure to prevent the crisis, conduct determinations correctly and apply the policies that could end or marginalize the war. The United Nations were considered to be the keen but unsuccessful actor of the Bosna War between 1992 and 1995. The most basic reason of this is failure of Western central states to realize a common policy and almost sabotaging each other. The consequent gap is filled by the USA. It can be said that NATO?s first out-of-zone intervention, if not legal, comes with the Bosnia War. While the USA establishes its strength on desks of diplomacy, NATO orchestrates the intervention of its mother entity, United Nations, in the last year of the war.The Dayton Treaty, which ends the war, is prepared within the direction of USA. The Dayton, which ends the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, has established one of the most interesting states of the world. A country formed by a federation and a republic is formed by the Bosnian-Croatian Federation and Serbian Republic.The Dayton Treaty succeeded in ending the war. No fights have broken out since. This can be due to the crestfallenness of the three Bosnian entity, as much as the success of this treaty. No ethnical cleansing or political or military internments gave more than temporary and relative superiority. For this reason, there is still the State of Bosnia-Herzegovina wherein there is no internal conflict, but no ideal cooperation in the mechanics either.TAGSBosnia Herzegovina, Bosnia, Bosnia War, Yugoslavia, Eastern Problem, Balkans, Croatia, Serbia, Cold War, New World Order, War, Peace, Dayton.
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Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations
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