Ernest Mamboury ve İstanbul Kent Kimliğine Katkıları
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Date
2019
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Tarihi süreç incelendiğinde İstanbul her zaman yabancı gezginler tarafından merak edilen, görülmek istenen bir kent olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır. Seyyahların İstanbul'a olan ilgileri kimi zaman mimari bir meraka, teknik bir geziye dayanırken kimi zaman da Avrupalı'ya göre mistik sırlarla dolu Osmanlı sarayı, sultanın yaşamı veya bizzat şehir halkının gündelik hayatına dair sosyo-kültürel çıkarımlar üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. İsviçreli Ernest Mamboury de benzer gerekçelerle 1909 yılında İstanbul'a gelmiş ve bu kente aşık olarak bir daha geri dönmemek üzere ailesi ile İstanbul'a yerleşmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun büyük bir değişim yaşadığı son dönemin ve erken Cumhuriyet yıllarının önemli bir tanığı olarak, hayatının sonuna kadar İstanbul'da yaşamıştır. İstanbul'un fiziksel, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel değişimine tanıklık etmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşunu izleyen onlarca yıl, Kemalist bir bakış açısıyla tarihin, sanatın, arkeolojinin ve mimarlığın çok önemli kabul edildiği yeni ulusal bir kimlik oluşturma gayreti ile bu dönemdeki ulus-inşa çalışmalarına katkıda bulunmuştur. Mamboury'nin, bu katkıları ulus devlet ve kent kavramlarının nasıl biçimlendiğini anlamak açısından önemli ipuçları vermektedir. Dönemin kültürel ortamına katkı veren yerli ve yabancı kültür ve bilim insanlarıyla birlikte yaptığı İstanbul araştırmaları arasında en bilinen eseri 1925'te yayınlanmış olan İstanbul Rehberi'dir. Seyahatnamelerden şehir rehberlerine geçiş döneminde kaleme alınmış bu eser, içinde bulunduğu toplumun tarihsel-sosyolojik izlerini taşır. Bu yönüyle, bir "sosyal belge" niteliğinde, tarihe ve topluma ayna tutan, bilgi ve kültür sosyolojisi için de vazgeçilmez bir kaynaktır. Kent koruması açısından 1925 yılının İstanbul'unu tanımak ve anlamak açısından en önemli referans yayınlardan biridir. Rehber 1925- 1953 yılları arasında güncellenerek altı değişik baskı yapmış, hızla değişen kentin geçirdiği evreleri takip etmek açısından başarılı bir yol gösterici olmuştur. Küreselleşme, tüm dünyada tüketim kültürünü yeniden şekillendirmiş, ekonomik yapının içine kültürel yapıyı da dahil ederek, yöneticileri "Kent Kültürü" üzerinden ticari gelir elde etme yarışına sokmuştur. Mamboury, Türk yetkililerin de desteğiyle, İstanbul'un özgün turizm değerini ve potansiyelini vurgulamak, Türk sanatının ve tarihinin batılılar tarafından gerektiği şekilde tanınmasını sağlamak açısından önemli çalışmalar yapmıştır. Mamboury öngörülü ve sıradışı kişiliğe sahip, klasik arkeoloji ve Bizans mimarisi hakkında uzmanlaşmış, aynı zamanda, harita ve mimari çizimler ile kentin ve özellikle Bizans mimarisinin belgenlemesi çalışmalarında bulunmuş, Osmanlı sanatı ve çağdaş Türkiye'nin inşası ile ilgili çalışmalar yapmış, yorulmaz bir gezgin ve araştırmacı olarak aynı zamanda otuz yıl gibi bir süre Galatasaray Lisesi Fransızca, teknik resim ve matematik öğretmenliğini de sürdürmüştür. Kent tarihini "belgeleme" serüvenine 1912'de Fransız Cizvit Rahip Guillaume de Jerpanion'un Kapadokya ve çevresinde yaptığı çalışmalarda suluboya resimler yaparak başlayan Mamboury, kazı çalışmalarıyla devam ederek İstanbul ve çevresini adım adım incelemiştir. 1914'ten itibaren özellikle de Bizans dönemine ait eserlerin gün yüzüne çıkarılmasında önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmalar onun dönemin Türk aydınları ile yakın ilişkiler kurmasına fırsat verirken, yabancı uzmanlarla yapılan birçok projede de yan yana çalışma fırsatı sağlamıştır. Ernest Mamboury günümüzde Bizans ve İstanbul çalışmalarında hala en çok referans gösterilen araştırmacılar arasında bulunmasına rağmen hakkında yazılmış çok az eser olması ise oldukça şaşırtıcıdır. Bu nedenle bu tez çalışmasının ilk bölümünde Mamboury'nin hayatı, önemli çalışmaları ve iş birliği yaptığı aydınlar çerçevesinde hayatı kronolojik sırayla incelenmeye çalışılmış, aynı zamanda "Kent Kimliği", "Kent Kültürü" ve bu kavramlarla birlikte bir "Ulus-devlet" inşasına katkı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise en çok bilinen çalışması olan İstanbul Rehberi, daha detaylı olarak incelenerek tartışılmıştır.
İstanbul has always been a city of wonder to be seen by foreign travellers throughout the history. Travellers interest in İstanbul was either based on an architectural interest or a technical trip while sometimes focused on the Ottoman Palace being full of mystical secrets for the European, the Sultan's life or sociocultural implications regarding the daily life of townspeople. Swiss Ernest Mamboury came to İstanbul in 1909 for similar reasons and fell in love with this city and settled in İstanbul with his family. As a significant witness of the final period of the Ottoman Empire experiencing a major change and the early Republican years, he lived in İstanbul until the end of his life. He witnessed İstanbul's physical, economic, social and cultural transformation. For decades following the foundation of the Turkish Republic, he contributed to the nation building studies in this era with the effort to form a new national identity where history, art, archaeology and architecture were considered significant with a Kemalist point of view. Mamboury's contributions give us important clues in terms of understanding how the notions "nation-state" and "city" were shaped. Among the İstanbul surveys he carried out together with the local and foreign people of culture and science who contributed to the cultural milieu of the period, his most well-known work has been İstanbul Guide, published in 1925. This work written up in a transitional period where there was a transition from travel books to city guides bears the historical-sociological traces of its society. Accordingly, it has the character of a "social document," and an indispensable resource for sociology of knowledge and culture reflecting history and society. In terms of conservation of cultural heritage, it is one of the most important references for knowing and understanding İstanbul of the year 1925. The guide was updated and published six times and became a successful guide in terms of being a guidance for us to follow the phases the city went through between the years of 1925 and 1953. Globalisation has reshaped the consumption culture and has led the managers to be in a competition in order to earn commercial income from "Urban Culture" by including cultural structure in economic structure all around the world. Mamboury has performed important studies in terms of emphasizing İstanbul's unique tourism value and potential and ensuring that Turkish art and history was understood by Westerners properly with the support of Turkish authorities. Mamboury having a modest and extraordinary personality, he is specialized in classical archaeology and Byzantine architecture and at the same time he is a topographer, expert in documentation studies of Byzantine architecture. As a tireless wanderer and researcher who conducted studies concerning Ottoman art and the building of modern Turkey, he worked as a French, technical drawing and mathematics teacher at Galatasaray High School for almost thirty years. Beginning the adventure of documenting city history in 1912 with his watercolour paintings in the research of French Jesuit Priest Guillaume de Jerpanion in and around Cappadocia, Mamboury proceeded with excavations and studied İstanbul and its surroundings incrementally. As of 1914, he has made significant contributions to reveal the works of, especially the Byzantine period. These works did not only give him the chance to engage with the Turkish intelligentsia of the era but also provided him with the opportunity to work with international specialists in various projects. Even though Mamboury is still one of the researchers mostly referred to in Byzantine and İstanbul studies, it is surprising that there are a few studies conducted about him. Therefore, the aim is to study Mamboury's life, his important works and his life within the frame of intellectuals he cooperated with in chronological order in the first part of this thesis. In addition, his contribution to the construction of "Nation-state" will be addressed with the concepts of "Urban Identity," and "Urban Culture,". In the second part of the thesis, İstanbul Guide, which is his most well-known work will be discussed more elaborately.
İstanbul has always been a city of wonder to be seen by foreign travellers throughout the history. Travellers interest in İstanbul was either based on an architectural interest or a technical trip while sometimes focused on the Ottoman Palace being full of mystical secrets for the European, the Sultan's life or sociocultural implications regarding the daily life of townspeople. Swiss Ernest Mamboury came to İstanbul in 1909 for similar reasons and fell in love with this city and settled in İstanbul with his family. As a significant witness of the final period of the Ottoman Empire experiencing a major change and the early Republican years, he lived in İstanbul until the end of his life. He witnessed İstanbul's physical, economic, social and cultural transformation. For decades following the foundation of the Turkish Republic, he contributed to the nation building studies in this era with the effort to form a new national identity where history, art, archaeology and architecture were considered significant with a Kemalist point of view. Mamboury's contributions give us important clues in terms of understanding how the notions "nation-state" and "city" were shaped. Among the İstanbul surveys he carried out together with the local and foreign people of culture and science who contributed to the cultural milieu of the period, his most well-known work has been İstanbul Guide, published in 1925. This work written up in a transitional period where there was a transition from travel books to city guides bears the historical-sociological traces of its society. Accordingly, it has the character of a "social document," and an indispensable resource for sociology of knowledge and culture reflecting history and society. In terms of conservation of cultural heritage, it is one of the most important references for knowing and understanding İstanbul of the year 1925. The guide was updated and published six times and became a successful guide in terms of being a guidance for us to follow the phases the city went through between the years of 1925 and 1953. Globalisation has reshaped the consumption culture and has led the managers to be in a competition in order to earn commercial income from "Urban Culture" by including cultural structure in economic structure all around the world. Mamboury has performed important studies in terms of emphasizing İstanbul's unique tourism value and potential and ensuring that Turkish art and history was understood by Westerners properly with the support of Turkish authorities. Mamboury having a modest and extraordinary personality, he is specialized in classical archaeology and Byzantine architecture and at the same time he is a topographer, expert in documentation studies of Byzantine architecture. As a tireless wanderer and researcher who conducted studies concerning Ottoman art and the building of modern Turkey, he worked as a French, technical drawing and mathematics teacher at Galatasaray High School for almost thirty years. Beginning the adventure of documenting city history in 1912 with his watercolour paintings in the research of French Jesuit Priest Guillaume de Jerpanion in and around Cappadocia, Mamboury proceeded with excavations and studied İstanbul and its surroundings incrementally. As of 1914, he has made significant contributions to reveal the works of, especially the Byzantine period. These works did not only give him the chance to engage with the Turkish intelligentsia of the era but also provided him with the opportunity to work with international specialists in various projects. Even though Mamboury is still one of the researchers mostly referred to in Byzantine and İstanbul studies, it is surprising that there are a few studies conducted about him. Therefore, the aim is to study Mamboury's life, his important works and his life within the frame of intellectuals he cooperated with in chronological order in the first part of this thesis. In addition, his contribution to the construction of "Nation-state" will be addressed with the concepts of "Urban Identity," and "Urban Culture,". In the second part of the thesis, İstanbul Guide, which is his most well-known work will be discussed more elaborately.
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Keywords
Ernest Mamboury, İstanbul, Kent Kimliği, Şehir Rehberi, Turizm, Ulus-devlet, Koruma, Urban Identity, City Guide, Tourism, Nationstate, Conservation