Kent siluetlerinin kentsel miras açısından değerlendirilmesi: İstanbul örneği ve koruma önerileri
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Date
2019
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Kadir Has Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Kent siluetleri kentin geneliyle ilgili dinamikleri ifade etmektedir ve kentleşmiş
kültürlerin en önemli sembollerinden birini oluşturmaktadırlar. Kentsel kimliğin
önemli bir parçasını oluşturan siluetler kentler için akılda kalıcı temsiller yarattıkları
gibi kent belleği ve kentsel miras açısından da önem taşımaktadırlar. İstanbul da
kentsel kimliğini çok katmanlı ve tarihi yapısının kolayca algılanmasına izin veren,
zaman içinde gelişen siluetiyle ortaya koymaktadır. Eşsiz konumu ve topografyası ile
Bizans ve Osmanlı İmparatorluklarının mimari gelenekleriyle harmanlanan silueti
İstanbul’un kentsel mirasının önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Ancak
küreselleşme ve plansız kentleşmeyle birlikte yeni eklenen yapılar nedeniyle
İstanbul’un silueti hızla değişmektedir.
Bu tez çalışması, kent siluetlerini görsel ilişkiler üzerinden inceleyerek İstanbul silueti
özelinde siluetin bileşenlerini belirlemeyi ve kentsel mirasın bir parçası olarak
korunmasıyla ilgili çalışmaları incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Kent görünümlerinin tarihsel
gelişimini ve evrensel koruma standartlarını inceledikten sonra Tarihi Yarımada’nın
siluetine odaklanarak siluetin bileşenlerini ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. 1100 ile 1913
yılları arasında İstanbul’u ziyaret eden gezginlerin seyahatnameleri üzerinden yapılan
analizlerle kent siluetinin tarif edilmesinde tekrar eden temalar olan “kente
yaklaşmak”, “siluette etkili fiziksel bileşenler”, “ambiyans öğeleri” ve “bir temaşa
mekanı olarak İstanbul silueti” üzerinden siluetin somut ve soyut bileşenleri ortaya
konmuş ve temaşaya olanak veren “seyirlik” değerine odaklanmıştır. Osmanlı
İmparatorluğu’nda Tanzimat Dönemi’nden itibaren başlayarak siluetin kentsel mirasın
bir parçası olarak korunması için alınan önlemler ve planlama çalışmaları kentsel
müdahalelerle birlikte ele alınarak siluetle ilgili koruma kararları incelenmiştir . Bu
analizler sonucunda kent siluetinin kentlerin dinamik yapısı gereği sürekli gelişmekte
olmasına dayanarak tarihi kentlerin siluetlerinin korunması ve geliştirilmesi için
öneriler sunulmuştur.
iii
Kent siluetinin kentsel deneyimden ayrı tutulamayacak seyirlik bir değeri vardır ve
siluetin kentsel mirasın bir parçası olarak korunabilmesi için bu değerin yaşatılması ve
günlük hayatın bir parçası olacak şekilde düzenlemelerin yapılması gerekmektedir.
Siluetler görsel ilişkiler ve kentsel deneyimle birlikte kapsamlı bir şekilde
incelendiğinde kent siluetlerinin sürdürülebilirlik kavramı çerçevesinde günümüz
şartlarına uygun olarak gelişmesi ve geleceğe aktarılması sağlanabilecektir.
City silhouettes represent the dynamics of cities in general and constitute one of the most important symbols of urbanized cultures. They form an important part of the urban identity and create memorable representations for the cities as well as being important for urban memory and urban heritage. Istanbul reveals its urban identity with its silhouette that allows to easily perceive its multi-layered and historic structure which has been developed over time. The silhouette of Istanbul is shaped by its unique location and topography and blended with the architectural traditions of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and it constitutes an important part of Istanbul's urban heritage. However, due to globalization and unplanned urbanization, the silhouette of Istanbul is changing rapidly. The aim of this thesis is to examine the city silhouettes through visual relations and to determine the components of silhouette and protection efforts for urban heritage especially in Istanbul. After analyzing the historical development of city views and universal conservation standards, it focuses on the silhouette of the Historical Peninsula and tried to reveal the components of silhouette. Based on the travelogues which were written by the travelers who visited Istanbul between 1100 and 1913, four main themes, “approaching the city”, “effective physical components in silhouette”, “ambience elements” and “Istanbul silhouette as a spectacle place”, have been developed. With these themes, tangible and intangible elements of Istanbul silhouette were examined and focusing on the visual value of the silhouette based on its spectacle was analyzed. Starting from the Tanzimat Period in the Ottoman Empire, the measures taken to protect the silhouette as a part of the urban heritage were examined with planning activities that were discussed together urban interventions and the conservation decisions. As a result of these analyses, based on the dynamic development of cities and their silhouettes, recommendations were made for the protection and development of the silhouettes of historic cities. v The urban skyline has a visual value that cannot be separated from urban experience and it is necessary to keep this value alive and to make arrangements to be part of daily life in order to protect the silhouette as part of the urban heritage. When the silhouettes are examined together with visual relations and urban experience in a comprehensive way, it will be possible to develop and transfer the city silhouettes in accordance with today's conditions within the framework of the sustainability concept.
City silhouettes represent the dynamics of cities in general and constitute one of the most important symbols of urbanized cultures. They form an important part of the urban identity and create memorable representations for the cities as well as being important for urban memory and urban heritage. Istanbul reveals its urban identity with its silhouette that allows to easily perceive its multi-layered and historic structure which has been developed over time. The silhouette of Istanbul is shaped by its unique location and topography and blended with the architectural traditions of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and it constitutes an important part of Istanbul's urban heritage. However, due to globalization and unplanned urbanization, the silhouette of Istanbul is changing rapidly. The aim of this thesis is to examine the city silhouettes through visual relations and to determine the components of silhouette and protection efforts for urban heritage especially in Istanbul. After analyzing the historical development of city views and universal conservation standards, it focuses on the silhouette of the Historical Peninsula and tried to reveal the components of silhouette. Based on the travelogues which were written by the travelers who visited Istanbul between 1100 and 1913, four main themes, “approaching the city”, “effective physical components in silhouette”, “ambience elements” and “Istanbul silhouette as a spectacle place”, have been developed. With these themes, tangible and intangible elements of Istanbul silhouette were examined and focusing on the visual value of the silhouette based on its spectacle was analyzed. Starting from the Tanzimat Period in the Ottoman Empire, the measures taken to protect the silhouette as a part of the urban heritage were examined with planning activities that were discussed together urban interventions and the conservation decisions. As a result of these analyses, based on the dynamic development of cities and their silhouettes, recommendations were made for the protection and development of the silhouettes of historic cities. v The urban skyline has a visual value that cannot be separated from urban experience and it is necessary to keep this value alive and to make arrangements to be part of daily life in order to protect the silhouette as part of the urban heritage. When the silhouettes are examined together with visual relations and urban experience in a comprehensive way, it will be possible to develop and transfer the city silhouettes in accordance with today's conditions within the framework of the sustainability concept.
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Keywords
Siluet, Kent Görünümleri, İstanbul Silueti, İstanbul Silueti, İstanbul Silueti, Temaşa, Silhouette, City Views, Istanbul Silhouette, Visual Integrity, Urban Heritage, Spectacle