Fizik Tabanlı Elektrik Şebekesi Yeniden İnşası: Karmaşık Sistemler Perspektifi
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2025
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Enerji, modern yas¸amın tum y ¨ onlerini beslerken, elektrik s¸ebekesi bu sistemin temel ¨ altyapısını olus¸turur. Ancak bu s¸ebeke, buy¨ uk¨ olc¸ekli, do ¨ grusal olmayan ve mek ˘ ana ˆ gom¨ ul¨ u yapısıyla insan eliyle yapılmıs¸ en karmas¸ık sistemlerden biridir. K ¨ uc¸¨ uk bir bozul- ¨ ma bile ardıs¸ık arızaları tetikleyerek genis¸ c¸aplı elektrik kesintilerine ve toplumsal etkilere yol ac¸abilir. Gunes¸ ve r ¨ uzg ¨ ar gibi yenilenebilir kaynaklara gec¸is¸in hızlanmasıyla birlikte, ˆ s¸ebeke degis¸kenlik ve merkezsiz ˘ uretim gibi yeni zorluklarla kars¸ı kars¸ıyadır. Bu nedenle, ¨ s¸ebekenin kararlılıgını ve dayanıklılı ˘ gını sa ˘ glamak hem bilimsel bir zorunluluk hem de ˘ pratik bir ihtiyac¸ haline gelmis¸tir. ˆ Bu tez, karmas¸ık sistemler bakıs¸ ac¸ısıyla tasarlanmıs¸ ac¸ık kaynaklı bir yazılım hattı sunar. Bu hat, ac¸ık eris¸imli cografi verileri kullanarak y ˘ uksek gerilimli iletim a ¨ gı modelleri ˘ olus¸turmayı mumk ¨ un kılar. Y ¨ ontem genel olarak uygulanabilir olsa da, detaylı bir ¨ ornek ¨ c¸alıs¸ma olarak Turkiye elektrik iletim s¸ebekesi ele alınmıs¸tır. Ac¸ık eris¸imli, fiziksel olarak ¨ detaylı s¸ebeke modellerinin azlıgını gidermek amacıyla, OpenStreetMap verileri is¸lenerek ˘ MATLAB MATPOWER ile uyumlu modeller uretilmis¸tir. Ortaya c¸ıkan veri seti; hat ¨ empedansları, termal sınırlar ve yuk da ¨ gılımları gibi temel elektriksel parametreleri ic¸erir. ˘ Bu parametreler muhendislik tahminleriyle elde edilip g ¨ uc¸ akıs¸ı ac¸ısından do ¨ grulanmıs¸tır. ˘ ˙Iki ornek c¸alıs¸ma, yazılım aracının ve olus¸turulan veri setinin yararlılı ¨ gını g ˘ ostermektedir. ¨ ˙Ilk c¸alıs¸ma, senkronizasyon kararlılıgını, kararsızlı ˘ gın erken uyarı sinyallerini tespit et- ˘ mek ic¸in stokastik perturbasyon analizi kullanarak incelemektedir. ¨ ˙Ikinci c¸alıs¸ma ise termal as¸ırı yuklenmelere ba ¨ glı ardıs¸ık arızaları aras¸tırmakta, kırılgan iletim hatlarını belir- ˘ lemekte ve dayanıklılıgı artırmak ic¸in hedefe y ˘ onelik g ¨ uc¸lendirme ¨ onerileri sunmaktadır. ¨ Bu ornekler, elektrik s¸ebekesi dinamiklerini modellemede fiziksel ve yapısal gerc¸ekc¸ili ¨ gin ˘ onemini vurgulamaktadır. ¨ Bu c¸alıs¸maların otesinde, veri seti ve yazılım aracı, g ¨ uc¸ sistemi modellemesi ic¸in ¨ olc¸ekle- ¨ nebilir ve tekrarlanabilir bir c¸erc¸eve sunmaktadır. Yenilenebilir entegrasyonu, genis¸leme planlaması, dayanıklılık analizi ve gerc¸ek zamanlı izleme gibi uygulamaları desteklemektedir. Hem arac¸ların hem de verilerin kamuya ac¸ık hale getirilmesiyle, bu tez modern enerji altyapısının kararlılıgı ve s ˘ urd ¨ ur¨ ulebilirli ¨ gi˘ uzerine veri odaklı, disiplinlerarası ¨ aras¸tırmalara katkı saglamaktadır. ˘ Anahtar Sozcükler: Elektrik S¸ ebekesi Altyapısı, OpenStreetMap Veri Entegrasyonu, Karmas¸ık Sistemler Analizi, Senkronizasyon, Kararlılık
Energy powers all aspects of modern life, with the electrical power grid serving as its foundational infrastructure. Yet, the grid is also one of the most complex man-made systems: large-scale, nonlinear, and spatially embedded. Even minor disturbances can trigger cascading failures, leading to widespread blackouts and serious societal impacts. As the global energy transition accelerates with increasing reliance on renewables like solar and wind, the grid faces new challenges from variability and decentralised generation. Ensuring its stability and resilience has become both a scientific imperative and a practical necessity. This Thesis introduces an open-source software pipeline for constructing high-voltage transmission network models using open-access geospatial data, framed through a complex systems lens. While the approach is broadly applicable, the Turkish power grid serves as a detailed case study. In response to the scarcity of openly available, physically detailed grid models, this work transforms raw OpenStreetMap data into MATLAB MATPOWER-compatible power system models. The resulting dataset includes key electrical parameters—line impedances, thermal limits, and load distributions—generated through engineering estimation and validated for power flow feasibility. Two case studies demonstrate the software tool and generated dataset's utility. The first examines synchronisation stability using stochastic perturbation analysis to detect early warning signals of instability. The second investigates cascading failures due to thermal overloads, identifying vulnerable transmission lines and proposing targeted reinforcements to enhance resilience. These examples highlight the importance of physical and structural realism in modelling power grid dynamics. Beyond these studies, the dataset and software establish a scalable, reproducible framework for power system modelling. They support applications in renewable integration, expansion planning, resilience analysis, and real-time monitoring. By making both tools and data publicly available, this Thesis contributes to data-driven, interdisciplinary research on the stability and sustainability of modern power infrastructure. Keywords: Power Grid Infrastructure, OpenStreetMap Data Integration, Complex Systems Analysis, Synchronisation, Stability
Energy powers all aspects of modern life, with the electrical power grid serving as its foundational infrastructure. Yet, the grid is also one of the most complex man-made systems: large-scale, nonlinear, and spatially embedded. Even minor disturbances can trigger cascading failures, leading to widespread blackouts and serious societal impacts. As the global energy transition accelerates with increasing reliance on renewables like solar and wind, the grid faces new challenges from variability and decentralised generation. Ensuring its stability and resilience has become both a scientific imperative and a practical necessity. This Thesis introduces an open-source software pipeline for constructing high-voltage transmission network models using open-access geospatial data, framed through a complex systems lens. While the approach is broadly applicable, the Turkish power grid serves as a detailed case study. In response to the scarcity of openly available, physically detailed grid models, this work transforms raw OpenStreetMap data into MATLAB MATPOWER-compatible power system models. The resulting dataset includes key electrical parameters—line impedances, thermal limits, and load distributions—generated through engineering estimation and validated for power flow feasibility. Two case studies demonstrate the software tool and generated dataset's utility. The first examines synchronisation stability using stochastic perturbation analysis to detect early warning signals of instability. The second investigates cascading failures due to thermal overloads, identifying vulnerable transmission lines and proposing targeted reinforcements to enhance resilience. These examples highlight the importance of physical and structural realism in modelling power grid dynamics. Beyond these studies, the dataset and software establish a scalable, reproducible framework for power system modelling. They support applications in renewable integration, expansion planning, resilience analysis, and real-time monitoring. By making both tools and data publicly available, this Thesis contributes to data-driven, interdisciplinary research on the stability and sustainability of modern power infrastructure. Keywords: Power Grid Infrastructure, OpenStreetMap Data Integration, Complex Systems Analysis, Synchronisation, Stability
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