Browsing by Author "Ediger, Volkan S."

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Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 4
An Assessment of Mining Efficiency in Turkish Lignite Industry
(Elsevier Science, 2015) Ediger, Volkan S.; Berk, Istemi; Ersoy, Mucella; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
This article focuses on the mining activities of Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) the major lignite supplier in Turkey. First we analyzed the lignite production and overburden removal activities of TKI from a historical perspective and then employed the Principle Component Analysis to build a mining efficiency index of TKI and investigated its historical development since the establishment of the company. We found that labor productivity and operational structure have been the most important factors positively affecting the index. The current article makes two important contributions: (1) by using the most comprehensive data set available on TKI for the first time and (2) by developing a Mining Efficiency Index (MEI) which can be used to analyze productivity in lignite mining activities in different countries. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of heavy machinery manufacturing: a case study in Türkiye
(Springer, 2025) Uctug, Fehmi Gorkem; Ediger, Volkan S.; Kucuker, Mehmet Ali; Berk, Istemi; Inan, Ali; Fereidani, Bahar Moghadasi; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Purpose Amidst accelerated industrialization and urbanization, the surge in heavy equipment production, crucial for con struction, mining, industry, and transportation, necessitates a comprehensive examination of its environmental implications from a sustainability standpoint. This study aims to scrutinize the environmental impacts of manufacturing forklifts and semi-trailers in Türkiye, employing the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Methods The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is the foundational framework for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with forklift and semi-trailer manufacturing. A cradle-to-gate approach was employed. CCaLC2 software alongside the Ecoinvent 3.0 database and CML LCIA methodology was used. Results The carbon footprint analysis reveals that the production of a single forklift and semi-trailer generates 10.8 tons CO2eq. and 24.9 tons CO2eq. of emissions, respectively. Considering the mass of the machinery, these fgures translate to 2.8 ton CO2eq./ton machinery and 1.57 ton CO2eq/ton machinery for the forklift and semi-trailer, respectively. These results were found to be consistent with values reported for similar (but not identical) heavy machinery. Notably, the predominant share of environmental impact stems from raw material acquisition for both products, with subsequent contributions from various production stages. Steel utilization emerges as the primary contributor to all environmental impact categories, constituting an average contribution of 75%. Noteworthy exceptions include the acidifcation potential of forklift production, where the incorporation of the engine emerges as the primary hotspot with a signifcant 38% contribution. Conclusions The fndings present the environmental footprint associated with forklift and semi-trailer manufacturing, empha sizing the pivotal role of raw material acquisition, particularly steel utilization. Insights derived from this environmental impact assessment provide invaluable guidance for enhancing environmental sustainability. Decision-makers and industry stakeholders can leverage these conclusions to implement targeted measures, such as exploring alternative materials or refining production processes, to mitigate the environmental consequences of resource-intensive heavy equipment manufacturing, aligning with broader sustainability objectives.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 5
The Effect of Energy Geopolitics on International Climate Change Initiatives
(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği, 2017) Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
In this article in general the relationship between international climate change initiatives and energy geopolitics was analyzed and in particular the developments in energy geopolitics were investigated with a historical point of view by dividing the years between 1965 and 2014 into periods of geopolitical intensity and geopolitical stability based on long-term periodic variations in oil prices. More specifically the reasons why international initiatives such as the Kyoto Protocol regarded as an important agreement for imposing commitments in climate change mitigation have not been sufficiently successful were investigated. Regarding the Kyoto Protocol the failure stemmed from three main reasons. The first and the most important reason was the intensification of geopolitical tensions on a global scale. The second reason was the differences among states in terms of their energy needs and possession of indigenous energy sources. The last reason was the ambiguity regarding the role of the state and the market at the implementation level. The author links the general failure in the efforts to tackle climate change to the developments in energy geopolitics and argues that the competition periods in energy geopolitics as observed during the oil crises decrease the chances of success for international initiatives on climate change.
Citation - WoS: 5
Energy in Turkey and Russia's Roller-Coaster Relationship
(Seta Foundation, 2017) Ediger, Volkan S.; Durmaz, Duygu; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Energy relations between Turkey and Russia provide an excellent example of how energy and politics interrelate in countries with a historically up-and-down relationship. Having started in the 1960s the two countries' energy relations gained a new dimension after 1991 with the intensification of pipeline politics. In the 2000s energy relations gained impetus owing to the leadership of Erdogan and Putin and reached an apex with the establishment of a cooperation council in 2010. Since 2011 Turkey's demands for gas price reduction and volume increase have dominated the agenda of the countries' energy talks. While Turkish-Russian relations have remained on shaky ground lately the signing of the Turkish Stream agreement in 2016 might be perceived as a positive step for closer energy relations.
Enerji Jeopolitiğinin Uluslararası İklim Değişikliği Girişimleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi, 2017) Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Genel olarak iklim değişikliği girişimleri ile enerji jeopolitiği arasındaki ilişkinin analiz edildiği bu makalede, başta petrol fiyatlarındaki artışlar olmak üzere, enerji jeopolitiğindeki gelişmeler, 1965-2014 arasında enerji jeopolitiğinin şiddetlendiği ve durağanlaştığı dönemlere ayrılarak, tarihsel bakış açısıyla incelenmiştir. Özel olarak, Kyoto Protokolü gibi iklim değişikliğinin önlenmesi konusunda yükümlülük getirmesi bakımından önemli bir anlaşma olarak kabul edilen uluslararası girişimlerin neden yeterince başarılı olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Kyoto Protokolü özelinde başarısızlığın üç temel nedeni bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan birincisi ve en önemlisi dünya genelinde enerji jeopolitiğinin şiddetleniyor olmasıdır. İkinci neden ülkelerin farklı enerji ihtiyaçları ve farklı yerli enerji kaynaklarının bulunması, üçüncüsü de uygulamalarda devlet ve özel sektörün rolünün yeterince belirgin olmamasıdır. Yazar, iklim değişikliği konusundaki genel başarısızlığın başlıca nedenini enerji jeopolitiğindeki gelişmelere bağlamakta ve petrol krizleriyle somutlaşan küresel enerji politiğindeki mücadele dönemlerinin, iklim değişikliği gibi konulardaki uluslararası girişimlerin başarı şansını azalttığını savunmaktadır.
Citation - WoS: 5
Europeanization Under Membership Uncertainty: the Cases of Environmental and Energy Policy in Turkey
(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği, 2013) Yıldırım, Cagri; Baysan, Alper; Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
This article examines modalities of rule adoption from the EU's acquis communautaire under conditions of membership uncertainty Drawing upon the case of Turkey we probe into the viability of a policy-type approach (drawing upon Theodor Lowi). Our main contention is that the substantive design of policies (distributive or redistributive qualities) has consequential implications for the form (conflict-free vs. veto player constellations) and outcome (transposition likelihood) of the subsequent political process. The proposed policy-type approach internalist in its outlook is thus readily compatible with available Europeanization models which are externalist insofar as being premised on the study of domestic politics. In terms of policymaking the EU needs to make more frequent use of policy-based intermediate rewards to encourage rule adoption where membership prospects are uncertain.
Citation - WoS: 19
Citation - Scopus: 19
A Farewell To King Coal: Geopolitics, Energy Security, and the Transition To Oil, 1898–1917
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2019) Ediger, Volkan S.; Bowlus, John V.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Interest in energy transitions has accelerated in recent years due to rising concerns about global warming and resource scarcity but the drivers of these phenomena are not well understood. To date scholars have primarily focused on commercial and technological factors highlighting that oil was 'better' than coal - more powerful cheaper cleaner and more practical to use - and that the internal combustion engine made it more advantageous to use in transportation. Yet oil was also a strategic commodity that powerful states sought to acquire for military reasons. This article contends that geopolitics military decision-making and energy security hastened the transition from oil to coal prior to the First World War. It argues that Britain Germany and the United States sought to transition their naval fleets from coal to oil to gain a military advantage at sea which created for the first time the problem of oil-supply security. Through government-led initiatives to address oil-supply security vast new supplies of oil came online and prices fell the ideal environment for oil to eclipse coal as the dominant source in the global energy system.
Forecasting Critical Economic & Political Events Via Electricity Consumption Patterns in the United States of America and Turkey
(Springernature, 2025) Ozdes, Celik; Ediger, Volkan S.; Eroglu, Deniz
Impacts from natural disasters, government decisions and public's reactions can significantly alter societal daily routines. These effects resonate in systems where individual contributions, such as energy consumption, serve as indirect indicators of societal welfare and living standards. Preparedness for unforeseen events is crucial to enhancing societal well-being. Thus, analysing historical data for unexpected critical transitions and forecasting future occurrences is paramount. Recurrence properties of gross monthly electricity consumption in the United States of America and Turkey are examined, revealing coinciding critical periods with extreme regimes identified by a determinism time series. An ensemble of neural network proxies is then employed to forecast critical periods within a limited time frame, enabling the anticipation of similar occurrences. Validation of this approach demonstrates high predictive performance when measured quantities adequately reflect underlying system dynamics. Predictions based on electricity consumption data suggest potential systemic and socioeconomic crises for both nations within one year, with probabilities, 85% for the US and 32% for Turkey.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 14
Forecasting the Coal Production: Hubbert Curve Application on Turkey's Lignite Fields
(Elsevier Science, 2016) Berk, Istemi; Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
The dependence on imported energy sources is one of the biggest challenges that Turkey and many other similar countries face in the 21st Century and the gap between production and consumption cannot be decreased without increasing the domestic production. Forecasting of domestic energy production therefore plays a vital role in order to be able to develop sound energy policies towards maintaining sustainable development. However although this question is essential in this respect especially for import dependent countries the previous literature is surprisingly scarce. This paper therefore will be important for future studies on estimation of energy production. We first analyzed lignite production of Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) from a historical perspective and then forecasted the future production by using the Hubbert curve depletion rate and decline curve methodologies. We concluded that the largest fields are about to enter a declining phase of production in upcoming years and most of the reserves will remain untapped if business-as-usual continues in the future. The methodology and interpretations may be used by other developing countries which deeply suffer from energy import dependency.
Citation - WoS: 19
Citation - Scopus: 23
Future Availability of Natural Gas: Can It Support Sustainable Energy Transition?
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Ediger, Volkan S.; Berk, Istemi; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Mitigating the adverse effects of global climate change and limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C requires a complete transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Despite ongoing global efforts, particularly since the Paris Agreement in 2015, renewables are expected to not fully meet global energy demand by 2050. In this context, natural gas is expected to be a complementary fuel to support renewables throughout the transition. This paper assesses whether the future availability of global resources would enable natural gas to support sustainable energy transition. To this end, we first employ R/P ratio and Hubbert curve analyses and then compare our results with the recent natural gas supply/demand forecasts in the literature. Our findings suggest that global natural gas resources, both conventional and unconventional, are enough to meet forecasted global natural gas demand. This requires substantial investment in the natural gas industry, which would further increase green-house gas emissions. Therefore, natural gas resource-rich countries and the natural gas industry must adapt their operations to the new global paradigm framed by Paris Agreement and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Citation - Scopus: 7
Geopolitics and Gas-Transit Security Through Pipelines
(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Ediger, Volkan S.; Bowlus, John V.; Aydın, Mustafa; International Relations; Industrial Engineering; 03. Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Hydrocarbons are valuable only if they can be transited from where they are produced to where they are consumed. Despite the enduring importance of transit to the global energy system, the topic did not begin to be extensively analyzed until contentious relations between Russia and Ukraine disrupted natural gas flows to Europe in 2006. This chapter examines the geopolitics and security of transiting gas through pipelines by exploring the connection between geography, global energy strategies, and natural gas markets. Gas has grown in recent years as a percentage of global energy consumption and is helping the world transition to a cleaner energy regime. At the same time, it is intensifying the contest for and control of gas-transit routes. Russia, the world’s second-largest producer, has built new pipelines to Europe since 2006 in order to diversify its flow from relying on Ukraine, while the USA, the world’s largest gas producer, is increasingly exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) through sea routes mostly controlled by the US navy. We argue that geostrategic calculations will more profoundly affect gas transit in the future and that countries that rely solely on market or commercial factors for their gas-transit security will become increasingly vulnerable to geopolitical volatility.
Geopolitics of Oil & Gas
(Energy Institute, 2014) Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation - Scopus: 10
Geostrategic Challenges in the Oil and Gas Sectors
(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Ediger, Volkan S.; Berk, Istemi; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
This chapter identifies the major geostrategic challenges that have emerged during the last two decades and assesses their implications for the global oil and gas sectors. The historical development of oil prices shows that there have been two major periods of volatility 1973-1986 and 1998-present each of which was preceded by two relatively stable periods. The two oil price shocks of the 1970s that were triggered by geopolitical events had long-term effects on global politics and economics. Major oil and gas producers faced the challenges of declining consumption on the demand side as consumers turned to alternative energies energy efficiency improved and non-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil supplies increased. The crisis in the 2000s on the other hand had similar but more intense consequences deeply altering the structure of oil and gas markets. We identify two major challenges facing the oil and gas industry: energy substitution and resource scarcity. While the substitution of coal and renewables threatens to reduce oil and gas demand resource scarcity is expected to promote the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources such as shale oil and gas and heavy oil. Unlike in the 1970s oil consumption did not decline when oil prices peaked in the 2000s. Moreover the recent fall in oil and gas prices created a fiscal challenge for conventional producers such as OPEC countries and non-OPEC countries like Russia and Mexico whose governmental budgets depend on export revenues. These fiscal challenges are expected to increase competition between national oil companies (NOCs) and international oil companies (IOCs) necessitating structural change in the governance of the industry. The NOCs are expected to continue dominating the industry and due to the increasing intervention of the corresponding governments the next decades could experience a rise in state capitalism not only in major oil and gas producing countries but also in the global energy business. © Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature 2018.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 7
Greasing the Wheels: the Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Ottoman Oil, 1888?1907
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Ediger, Volkan S.; Bowlus, John V.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
In the 1880s, Germany cultivated an alliance with the Ottoman Empire that led to a concession to build one of history?s most storied, diplomatically contentious, and financially challenging infrastructure projects: the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad. While Germany had many goals in pursuing the project, oil was the only way to make the railroad economic. Drawing on Ottoman archival sources, this article examines the policies and strategies of Sultan Abd?lhamid II in relation to Germany?s attempt to develop Mesopotamian oil from German Emperor Wilhelm II?s visit to Istanbul in 1889 to the conclusion of Germany?s oil concession in 1906/7. It argues that Hamid pursued a pragmatic policy to develop and protect Ottoman oil from being dominated by the powers, especially the British Empire, and, in the process, seeks to reorient our understanding of great power interest in Middle East oil.
Citation - WoS: 8
The great game in the Levant: energy geopolitics in the Eastern Mediterranean [Levant’ta büyük oyun: Doğu Akdeniz’in enerji jeopolitiği]
(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği, 2012) Ediger, Volkan S.; Devlen, Balkan; McDonald, Deniz Bingöl; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
This study explores the historical evolution of the Levant region from the trade system to hydrocarbon geopolitics by using a longue duree approach one which evaluates the region's present situation in light of developments in oil and natural gas exploration production and export. The concepts of great power politics and balance of power frame the investigation of permanent and changing dimensions of hydrocarbon geopolitics. The first of the two hypotheses tested and verified in this study is that the geopolitics of the Levant maintains its historical importance for the global hegemon and for the international state system even though the central thrust of the Levant's geopolitics has been tranformed from trade to energy. The second hypothesis is that regional and global peace and stability increase when the geopolitics of the Levant is in the control of a hegemon. Instances of conflict increase and opportunities for cooperation decrease when the Levant's geopolitics slips from the grasp of a single hegemon as a result of shifts in the balance of power. Following a discussion of threats and opportunities for conflict and cooperation in the Levant region possible strategies for the regional actors are evaluated. Lastly the threats and opportunities that Turkey faces are situated within emergent trends in the energy geopolitics of the region.
Citation - WoS: 20
Citation - Scopus: 26
A Historical Assessment of Turkey's Natural Gas Import Vulnerability
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Berk, Istemi; Ediger, Volkan S.; Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
This article aims at evaluating the historical determinants and implications of Turkey's natural gas import dependency. We implement principle component analysis (PCA) methodology to construct a natural gas import vulnerability index (NGIVI) for the period between 1986 and 2014 using five factors: (1) the share of natural gas in primary energy consumption (2) the share of natural gas in primary energy imports (3) the non-diversification of natural gas import sources (4) the share of LNG in total natural gas imports and (5) natural gas import prices. Results reveal that the first two factors have always dominated the NGIVI while the others were consequential but different times. Turkey's NOM increased until 2008 when it peaked and remained relatively flat since then indicating neither an improvement nor a worsening in its vulnerability. We also compared the NGIVI with the oil import vulnerability index (OIVI) of Turkey constructed in 2011 by the authors. Although there has been a remarkable decline in the OIVI since the mid-1980s the NGIVI has remained high until the present day. This result could be attributed to Turkey's different historical experience in importing oil and natural gas. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Importance of Lng in Turkish Natural Gas Supply Security
(Kadir Has Üniversitesi, 2019) Alkan, Mehmet Batuhan; Ediger, Volkan S.; Kirkil, Gökhan; Civil Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
The Natural Gas has been increasing its share of usage day by day due to the technologic developments, low carbon emission, increasing natural gas reserve in the fossil-based energy market. Nowadays, the share of natural gas in the total energy mix is 24%. Hence, the natural gas has been seen as a transaction source because the countries are in the aim of zero carbon emission. LNG is the most increasing product in the natural gas market these days due to shale gas production areas are far away to consumption areas according to this LNG usage has increased. LNG has been increased usage areas of natural gas and secure countries natural gas supply with regard to flexible system integration, easy transportation, and small scale cargos like oil products. Furthermore, LNG is an essential value for Turkish natural gas market. In this study, the importance of LNG in Turkish natural gas supply security has examined. First of all, world natural gas and LNG market have analyzed, and developments and changes on the market have reviewed. Following to this, the Turkish natural gas market has been analyzed and business opportunities which LNG may make and advantages to the market have searched. In the mathematical model, future natural gas consumption, a share of LNG and pipe gas has been forecasted with three different scenarios. According to these forecasts, the determination has made with regard to the storage investments and what has to be done. Finally, what LNG is going to gain to the Turkish market and the importance of LNG in the Turkish natural gas supply is underlined. Keywords: LNG, Natural Gas, Supply Security, importance of LNG
An Integrated Framework for Internal Replenishment Processes of Warehouses Using Approximate Dynamic Programming
(MDPI, 2025) Kalafat, Irem; Hekimoglu, Mustafa; Yucekaya, Ahmet Deniz; Kirkil, Gokhan; Ediger, Volkan S.; Yildirim, Senda; Industrial Engineering; Civil Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Warehouses are vital in linking production to consumption, often using a forward-reserve layout to balance picking efficiency and bulk storage. However, replenishing the forward area from reserve storage is prone to delays and congestion, especially during high-demand periods. This study investigates the strategic use of buffer areas-intermediate zones between forward and reserve locations-to enhance flexibility and reduce bottlenecks. Although buffer zones are common in practice, they often lack a structured decision-making framework. We address this gap by developing an optimization model that integrates demand forecasts to guide daily replenishment decisions. To handle the computational complexity arising from large state and action spaces, we implement an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) approach using certainty-equivalent control within a rolling-horizon framework. A real-world case study from an automotive spare parts warehouse demonstrates the model's effectiveness. Results show that strategically integrating buffer zones with an ADP model significantly improves replenishment timing, reduces direct picking by up to 90%, minimizes congestion, and enhances overall flow of intra-warehouse inventory management.
Citation - WoS: 95
Citation - Scopus: 117
An Integrated Review and Analysis of Multi-Energy Transition From Fossil Fuels To Renewables
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
We are in the midst of a transition from a fossil fuel-dominated energy regime to a more sustainable lower-carbon one in which natural gas is a bridge fuel. Since the 1970s oil crises, however, the forecasts for gas and coal have changed three times. Gas is currently achieving a major position in the world's energy mix but under challenging geopolitical forces; for this reason, different countries will follow different paths for adopting gas. This article uses a ternary diagram to shows that the fossil fuel consumption paths of the powers have greatly diverged over time. The close relationship between world hegemony and the dominant energy source (coal and then oil) in the past will be replaced by a multi-energy transition in which different countries choose different energy regimes in a multipolar international system. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The International Politics of Climate Change: Bargainingand Negotiation Processes From Kyoto To Paris
(Kadir Has Üniversitesi, 2019) Eken, Melike; Ediger, Volkan S.; Industrial Engineering; 05. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences; 01. Kadir Has University
Climate change is actually a natural phenomenon that occurs throughout history. In time, the climate can change do warmer or cooler in specific periods. But essentially with the industrial revolution, the human-induced activities trigger the climate change and the global temperature increase than the normal course of business. So, the fossil fuels which are used in vast scale among other energy sources cause to raise carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. The high degree of CO2 emissions are related to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere and this effect harms ecosystems and life of both human beings and non-human beings precisely. In that point, the foundation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an essential institution to regulate climate change governance. It establishes several negotiations and two binding treaties: the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. In order to understand signing success of both agreements and their problematic implementation process, it will be used two theories of international relations discipline (IR): neoliberalism and critical theory. Complex-interdependence matters in neoliberalism to understand the actors' policies for signing these accords. On the other hand, the emancipation issue of critical theory will explain the commitment issue of the Parties in the implementation process of accords. It will be expected that this study reveals that the multilateral relationship of the states refers to complex-interdependence, and it triggers to sign the accords. Also, it will be aimed to understand that the problematic side of accords is related to the emancipation of climate change as only an environmental issue from economic and political interests. In order to observe the evolution, the timeline of the Conference of Parties (COPs) in the process will be put in place with the IR concept of audience cost.